2. OF GREAT BRITAIN IN TURKEY. Ambassador.-Right Hon. Sir N. O'Conor, G. C. B., G. C.M.G. Military Attaché.-Lieut.-Col. F. R. Maunsell, R. A., C. M.G. Assistant Judge.-G. B. Piggott There are also British Consular Representatives at the following places :Consuls-General.—Baghdad, Beyrout, Bosna Serai, Salonica, Smyrna. Consuls or Vice-Consuls.-Benghazi, Adrianople, Bassora, Bitlis, Damascus, Jaffa, Jeddah, Jerusalem, Erzeroum, Samos, Smyrna, Trebizond, Brussa, Dardanelles, Gallipoli, Scutari, Adana, Antioch, Van, Rhodes, Scala Nuova, Kharput, Sivas, Diarbekir, Konia, Uskub, Monastir, Derna. Statistical and other Books of Reference. 1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS. Turkey in Europe. Salnamé 1311. Official Almanac for the Turkish Empire. 8. Constantinople, 1900. Report of the Council of Administration of the Ottoman Public Debt. Annual. Callwell (Captain C. E.), Handbook of the Turkish Army. Prepared in the Intelligence Division of the War Office. London, 1892. Constitution Ottomane promulguée le 7 Zilhidjé (11/23 décembre, 1876). 8. Constantinople, 1891. Deutsches Handels-Archiv. for March, 1895. stantinople.] Berlin, 1895. [Contains an account of the trade of ConLondon. Annual Report on the Ottoman Public Debt. Treaty between Great Britain, Germany, Austria, France, Italy, Russia, and Turkey, for the settlement of affairs in the East. Signed at Berlin, July 13, 1878. Fol. London, 1878. Diplomatic and Consular Reports from Turkey and Possessions for 1894. London, 1895. Hertslet (Sir E.), Foreign Office List. Published annually. London, 1891. Ottoman Land Code. Tr. by F. Ongley, revised by H. E. Miller. 8. London, 1892. Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions. Imp. 4. London. Correspondence and Further Correspondence respecting the Introduction of Reforms in the Armenian Provinces of Asiatic Turkey. London, 1896–97. Turkey in Asia and Africa. Correspondence respecting the condition of the population of Asiatic Turkey, 1888-89. C-5,723 fol. London, 1889.-Correspondence respecting the Affairs of South-Eastern Europe (Turkey, No. 1, 1903). London. Reports on the Trade, &c., of Trebizond, Tripoli, Palestine, Aleppo, Smyrna, Damascus, Jeddah, Beyrout, Baghdad, and Bussorah, in Foreign Office Reports, Annual Series. [Besides trade statistics these frequently contain information concerning population and political and social conditions.] London. 2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS. Annual Report of the British Chamber of Commerce, Constantinople. Amicis (E. de), Constantinople. [Translated from the Italian.] 8. New York, 1896. Becker (G.), La Guerre Contemporaine dans les Balkans, et la Question d'Orient, 1885. 1897. Paris, 1899. Berard (V.), La Macedoine.-La Politique du Sultan.-La Turquie et l'Hellenisme Paris. 1897. Bernard (M.), Turquie d'Europe et Turquie d'Asie. Paris, 1899. Bidez (G.) et Parmentier (L.), Un Séjour à Patmos. Archipelago]. Bruxelles, 1899. [On the Greek Monks of the London, 1903. [Founded on Von Bigham (C.), With the Turkish Army in Thessaly. London, 1897. London, 1901. Freeman (Edward A.), The Ottoman Power in Europe: its Nature, its Growth, and its Decline. 8. London, 1877. Garnett (Lucy), The Women of Turkey and their Folk-lore. London, 1890. Georgiadès (D.), La Turquie actuelle. 8. Paris, 1892. Description of the Mosques, High Schools, and Convents. 2 vols. 8. Constantinople, 1864-66. Hammer-Purgstall (J von), Geschichte des Osmanischen Reiches, &c. 1st ed. 10 vols. 8. Pesth, 1827-35. 2nd ed. (improved), 4 vols. 8. Pesth, 1834-36. Hecquard (C.), La Turquie sous Abdul Hamid II. Paris, 1901. Hertslet (Sir E.), Treaties and Tariffs between Great Britain and Turkey. Holland (Thomas Erskine), The European Concert in the Eastern Question, a Collection of Treaties, &c. Oxford, 1897. Hutton (W. H.), Constantinople: the Story of the Old Capital of the Empire. London, 1900. Journal de la Chambre de Commerce de Constantinople. Constantinople. Weekly. Kinglake (Alexander William), The Invasion of the Crimea. 8. Edinburgh and London, 1863-75. Lamy (E.), La France du Levant. Paris, 1900. 2 vols. London, 1887. Le Jean (Guillaume), Ethnographie de la Turquie d'Europe. [In French and German. Midhat (Ali Haydar), Life of Midhat Pasha. London, 1903. Miller (W.), Travels and Politics in the Near East. London, 1898. Milligen (A. van), Byzantine Constantinople; the Walls of the City and adjoining historical sites. London, 1899. Morawitz (C.), Les Finances de Turquie. Paris, 1902. Muller (Mrs. Max), Letters from Constantinople. London, 1897. Nicolaïdes (C.), La Macedoine. Berlin, 1899. Perris (G. H.), The Eastern Crisis in 1897 and British Policy in the Near East. London. 1897. Philippson (A.), Thessalien und Epirus. Berlin, 1897. Pisco (J.), Skanderbeg. Wien, 1897. Poole (Stanley Lane-), The People of Turkey: Twenty Years' Residence among Bulga rians, Greeks, Albanians, Turks, and Armenians. By a Consul's Daughter. 2 vols. 8. London, 1878. Poole (Stanley Lane-), Turkey. In Story of the Nations Series. London, 1889. Reclus (Elisée), Géographie Universelle. Vol. I. Paris, 1876. Salmoné (H. A.), The Fall and Resurrection of Turkey. London, 1896. Schopoff (A.), Les Réformes et la Protection des Chrétiens en Turquie, 1673-1904. Paris, 1904. Seignobos, Histoire politique de l'Europe Contemporaine. Paris, 1897. 2 vols., 1900.] Steevens (G. W.), With the Conquering Turk. London, 1897. Tarring (C. J.), British Consular Jurisdiction in the East. London, 1888. Vambéry (A.), Das Turkenvolk. Leipzig, 1885. Eng. Trans. Verney (N.) et Dambmann (G.), Lse Puissances étrangères dans le Levant, &c. Paris, 1900. Villari (L.) (Editor), The Balkan Question. London, 1905. Wilson (Sir C. W.), Handbook (Murray's) for Constantinople, Brusa, and the Troad. New ed. London, 1900. Wyon (R.), The Balkans from Within. London, 1904. Zinkeisen (J. W.), Geschichte des Osmanischen Reichs in Europa. 7 vols. 8. Gotha, 1840-63. Turkey in Asia. Baedeker's Palestine and Syria. 2nd edition. 12. London, 1894. Bent (Theodore) Southern Arabia. London, 1900. Bigham (C.), A Ride through Western Asia. London, 1897. Bishop (J. L.), Journeys in Kurdistan. 2 vols. 8. London, 1891. Brinton (J.), Tour in Palestine and Syria. London, 1893. Bryce (James), Trans-Caucasia and Ararat. 4th ed. S. London, 1896. Burton (Sir R. F.) and Drake (C. F. T.), Unexplored Syria. 2 vols. 8. London, 1872. Chauvin (V.), Bibliographie des Ouvrages arabes ou relatifs aux Arabes (1810-85). 8. Liège, 1892. Cook's Tourist's Handbook for Palestine and Syria. London, 1900. Cooke (A. W.), Palestine in Geography and History. 2 vols. London, 1901. Cowper (H. S), Through Turkish Arabia. 8. London, 1894.-The Hill of the Graces. [In Tripoli.] London, 1897. Cuinet (Vital), La Turquie d'Asie. Géographie administrative, &c. 4 vols. Paris, 1891-8. The index to the work. Paris, 1900.-Syrie, Liban, et Palestine. Paris, 1901. Curtiss (S. 1.), Primitive Semitic Religion To-Day (Researches, &c., in Syria, Palestine and the Sinaitic Peninsula). London, 1902. Davis (E.), Life in Asiatic Turkey. London, 1870. Deschamps (G.), Sur les Routes d'Asie. Paris, 1894. Fellows (Sir C.), Travels and Researches in Asia Minor and Syria. 8 London, 1839. Fitzner (R.), Aus Kleinasien und Syrien. Vol. I. Rostock, 1904. Freshfield (D.), Travels in the Central Caucasus, &c. London, 1869. Geary (Grattan), Asiatic Turkey. 2 vols. 8. London, 1878. Gregor (N. Ter), History of Armenia. London, 1897. Harris (J. R. and H. B.), Letters from the Scenes of the Recent Massacres in Armenia. London, 1897. Harris (W. B.), A Journey through Yemen. S. London, 1893. Hepworth (G. H.), Through Armenia on Horseback. London, 1898. Hirsch (L.), Reisen in Süd-Arabien, Mahra-Land, und Hadramüt. Leiden, 1897. Hogarth (D. G.), A Wandering Scholar in the Levant. 2nd ed. London, 1897.-The Penetration of Arabia. London, 1904. Humann (C.), Reisen in Kleinen Asien und Nordsyrien. S. Berlin, 1890. Isaverdentz (H.), Histoire de l'Armenie. Fol. Venice, 1888. Kaunenberg (K.), Kleinasiens Naturschätze. Berlin, 1897. Leake (W. M.), Journal of a Tour in Asia Minor. 8. London, 1824. Lepsius (J.), Armenia and Europe: An Indictment. London, 1897. Lynch (H. F. B.), Armenia: Travels and Studies. 2 vols. London, 1901. MacCoan (J. C.), Our New Protectorate. [Turkey in Asia.] 2 vols. 8. London, 1879. Macdonald (A.), The Land of Ararat. S. London, 1893. Macmillan's Guides: Guide to Palestine and Syria. 3d. ed. London, 1905.-The Eastern Mediterranean. London, 1902. Mazarbek ( ), Through the Storm. [Armenia in 1895-96.] London, 1899. Oberhummer (R.) und Zimmerer (H.), Durch Syrien und Kleinasien. Leipzig, 1898. Oppenheim (M. von), Vom Mittelmeer zum persischen Golfe durch den Hauran, &c. 2 vols. Berlin, 1899-1900. Palgrave (W. G.), Ulysses or Scenes and Studies in Many Lands. 8. London, 1887. Paterson (J. G.), From Bombay through Babylonia [Missionary Travels.] Glasgow, 1896. Percy (Earl), The Highlands of Asiatic Turkey. London, 1901. Pertius (Comte de), Le Désert de Syrie. Paris, 1896. Peters (J. P.), Nippur : Explorations and Adventures on the Euphrates. Vol. I. London, 1897. Ramsay (W. M.), The Cities and Bishopricks of Phrygia. 2 vols. Oxford, 1897.-Historical Geography of Asia Minor. London, 1890.-Impressions of Turkey during Twelve Years' Wanderings. London, 1897.-Also, Every-day Life in Turkey, by Mrs. Ramsay. London, 1897. Reclus (Elisée), Nouvelle Géographie Universelle. Vols. IX and XI. 8. Paris, 1884 and 1886. Schwarz (Dr. B.), Quer durch Bithynien. 8. Berlin, 1889. Smith (G. A.), Historical Geography of the Holy Land. New ed. London, 1897. Swemer (S. M.), Arabia, the Cradle of Islam. Edinburgh, 1900. Sykes (M.). Through Five Turkish Provinces. London 1900.-Dar-ul-Islam: Journey through Ten Asiatic Provinces of Turkey. London, 1904. Thomas (Margaret), Two Years in Palestine and Syria. London, 1899. Tozer (H. F.), Turkish Armenia and Eastern Asia Minor. 8. London, 1881.-The Islands of the Ægean London, 1890. Warkworth (Lord), Notes from a Diary in Asiatic Turkey. London, 1898. Warner (C. D.), In the Levant. 2 vols. 8. London, 1892. Wilson (Sir C. W.), Handbook (Murray's) for Travellers in Asia Minor, Transcaucasia, Persia, &c. London, 1895. Tripoli. Foreign Office Reports. Annual Series. London. Charmes, La Tunisie et la Tripolitaine. Paris, 1883. El-Hachaichi (Cheikh M. ben O.), Voyage an Pays des Senoussia à travers la Tripolitaine, &c. Paris, 1903. Fournel, La Tripolitaine, les Routes du Soudan. Paris, 1887. Mathuisieulx (H. M. de), A travers la Tripolitaine. Paris, 1903. Tripolis nach der Oase Küfra. Leipzig, 1881. 2 vols Bremen, 1871.-Reise vom Rossi (G. B.), Nei Paesi d'Islam in Barberia, in Egitto, &c. Roma, 1897. TRIBUTARY STATES. BULGARIA. Reigning Prince. Ferdinand, youngest son of the late Prince Augustus of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and Princess Clementine of Bourbon-Orleans (daughter of King Louis Philippe), born February 26, 1861, was elected Prince of Bulgaria by unanimous vote of the National Assembly, July 7, 1887; assumed the government August 14, 1887, in succession to Prince Alexander, who had abdicated September 7, 1886. His election was confirmed by the Porte and the Great Powers in March, 1896. On April 20, 1893, he was married to Marie Louise, (born January 17, 1870; died January 31, 1899), eldest daughter of Duke Robert of Parma; issue, Boris, born January 30, 1894; Cyril, born November 17, 1895; Eudoxie, born January 17, 1898; Nadejda, born January 30, 1899. The Prince must reside permanently in the Principality. The princely title is hereditary. In May, 1893, the Grand Sobranjé confirmed the title of Royal Highness to the Prince and his heir, and this style was recognised by the Porte and by Russia in April, 1896. The Prince retains the Roman Catholic faith, but his heir was on February 14, 1896, received into the Orthodox Greek Church. 66 The civil list is fixed (1905) at 1,000,000 leva (francs), besides 750,000 leva for the maintenance of palaces, &c. Constitution and Government. The Principality of Bulgaria was created by the Treaty of Berlin, signed July 13, 1878. It was ordered by the Treaty that Bulgaria should be constituted an autonomous and tributary Principality under the suzerainty of His Imperial Majesty the Sultan with a Christian Government and a national militia. The Prince of Bulgaria should be freely elected by the population and confirmed by the Sublime Porte, with the consent of the Powers, but no member of any of the reigning Houses of the Great European Powers should be elected. Eastern Rumelia (since its union with Bulgaria also known as Southern Bulgaria) was created by the Treaty of Berlin, signed July 13, 1878. It was to remain under the direct political and military authority of the Sultan, under conditions of administrative autonomy, with a Governor-General nominated by the Porte. On September 18, 1885, the Government was overthrown by a revolution, and the union of the province with Bulgaria proclaimed. As the result of the Conference held at Constantinople by the representatives of the signatory Powers of the Berlin Treaty during the latter months of 1885, the Sultan, by imperial firman, April 6, 1886, agreed that the government of Eastern Rumelia should be confided to the Prince of Bulgaria as GovernorGeneral, the Mussulman districts of Kirjali and the Rupchus (Rhodope) being re-ceded to the Porte. The rectification of the Organic Statute-chiefly as concerned the questions of the tribute and the customs-was undertaken by a Turco-Bulgarian commission sitting at Sofia, but its labours were abruptly brought to a close by the events which overthrew Prince Alexander on the night of August 20, 1886. The province for all purposes forms part of Bulgaria. It is under the administration at Sofia, which is now the only recog nised capital, Philippopolis being merely the centre of a prefecture. By the Constitution of 1879, amended May, 1893, the legislative authority was vested in a single Chamber, called the Sobranjé or National Assembly. The members of it are elected by universal manhood suffrage at the rate of one member to every 20,000 of the population. Those residing in the city where the National Assembly sits receive 15 leva (12s.) a day during session; others, 20 leva (16s.) a day with travelling expenses. All over 30 years of age who can read and write (except the clergy, soldiers on active service, persons deprived of civil rights, &c.) are eligible as representatives. The duration of the Assembly is five years, but it may be dissolved at any time by the Prince, when new elections must take place within four months. Laws passed by the Sobranje require the assent of the Prince. Questions concerning the acquisition or cession of territory, changes in the constitution, a vacancy on the throne, or the appointment of a regent have to be decided by a Grand Sobranje, elected for the special purpose in a manner similar to that in which the ordinary Sobranje is elected, but with double the number of members. The executive power is vested in a Council of eight ministers nominated by the Prince-namely, 1. Minister for Foreign Affairs and Public Worship; 2. Minister of the Interior; 3. Minister of Public Instruction; 4. Minister of Finance; 5. Minister of Justice; 6. Minister of War; 7. Minister for Commerce and Agriculture; 8. Minister of Public Works, Ways and Communications. There is an Imperial Ottoman Commissioner of Vakufs resident in Bulgaria. Area and Population. The estimated area of the Principality of Bulgaria proper is 24,380 English square miles, and of South Bulgaria (or Eastern Rumelia) 13,700 square miles. By a census taken in December, 1900, the population of the whole Principality was ascertained to be 3,744,283, including the population of Eastern Rumelia, 1,099,984; at the census of January 1, 1893, it was 3,310,713, the population of Eastern Rumelia being 998,431. Bulgaria is divided into 12 districts (including the 3 districts of Eastern Rumelia). The population, divided according to nationality, was as follows in 1900: 2,887,684 Bulgarians, 530,275 Turks, 71,704 Rumanians, 68,457 Greeks, |