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IV. MANUFACTURES.

The following table shows the condition of manufacturing industries in the United States in 1870, 1880, 1890, and 1900:

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1,694,568,000 2,053,996 3,385,861,000 1,990,742,000 2,790,272,606 2,732,595 5,369,579, 191 3,396,823,549 6,525,156,486 4,712,536 9,372,437,283 5,162,044,076 9,817,434,799 5,711,631 13,039,279,569 7,360,993,418

More than one-half of the capital in 1900 was in the States of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Massachusetts, and Illinois.

The following figures show, for the census years 1890 and 1900, the number of establishments employed in the textile industries, the capital invested, the persons employed (both salaried and wage-earning), the value of the raw materials used, and the value of finished products :

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For the cotton industries in the same years the statistics are as follows:

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1 Exclusive of 82 factories for small wares with a total output valued at 6,394,164 dollars.

The number of spindles in cotton factories was in 1890, 14, 188, 103; in 1900, 19,008,352; the number of looms in 1890 was 324,866; in 1900, 450,682; the consumption of cotton in 1890 was 1,117,945,776 lbs. ; in 1900,

1,817,643,390 lbs.. In 1900, there were, besides, 42,600 spindles and 5,070 looms, which consumed 3,640,878 lbs. of cotton in the manufacture of small

wares.

The number of ginneries in operation on the cotton crop of 1902 was 30,948, and the aggregate weight of cotton ginned was 5,315,472,700 lbs. The following are some statistics of cotton :

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The foreign cotton imported is nearly all retained for home consumption, the exports thereof having been only 293,988 lbs. in 1899, 1,381,463 lbs. in 1900, 306,452 lbs. in 1901, 1,470,566 lbs. in 1902, 1,475,494 lbs. in 1903, and 1,701,601 lbs. in 1904.

The values of cottons of domestic manufacture exported from the United States were 4,071,882 dollars in 1875, 11,836,591 dollars in 1885, 13,789,810 dollars in 1895, 23,566,914 dollars in 1899, and 24,003,087 dollars in 1900, 20,272,418 dollars in 1901, and 32,108,362 dollars in 1902, and 32,216,304 dollars in 1903, and 22,403,713 dollars in 1904.

Statistics of wool and silk manufactures are given as follows for the census years 1890 and 1900:

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In 1890 the value of the flax, hemp, and jute goods manufactured was 37,313,021 dollars; in 1900, 47,601,607 dollars.

The development of the iron and steel industries in the intercensal period 1890-1900 is shown by the subjoined figures from census reports:—

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1 Includes rented property valued at 4,896,881 dollars; in 1900 and 1890, 5,061,058 dollars.

2 Includes rented property valued at 236,000 dollars.

3 Includes rented property valued in 1900 at 11,835,940 dollars; in 1890 at 3,212,000 dollars.

4 Includes rented property valued at 165,000 dollars.

In 1890 the number of persons employed in these manufactures was 175,503; in 1900, 231,887.

The development of the iron and steel industries since 1875 is shown by the following figures, supplied by the American Iron and Steel Association :

Rails produced

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Steel ingots and castings

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The consumption of pig iron in 1902 was considerably more than the total production of the year. The figures are as follows: Production, 17,821,307 tons; unsold stocks on January 1, 1902, including warrant stocks, 73,647 tons; imports, 625,383 tons; total supply, 18,520,337 tons. If we deduct 27,487 tons exported, and 49,951 tons unsold on December 31, 1901, we have 18,442,899 tons as the approximate consumption for the year, against an approximate consumption of 16,232,446 tons in 1901. Increase in 1901,

2,210,453 tons.

The production of metal of various descriptions in two years was as follows:

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The total production of rolled iron and steel in years is given (in gross tons) in the following table :

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The production of tin plates was in 1897, 256,598; in 1898, 326,915; in 1899, 360,875 tons; in 1900, 302,665 tons; in 1901, 399,292; in 1902, 366,000 tons (estimated).

The iron and steel industries flourish chiefly in the states of Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, New Jersey, Indiana, Alabama, West Virginia, and New York. For the smelting and refining of lead, copper, and zinc in the census year 1900, the establishments, capital, persons employed, and products were as follows:

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A summary of the statistics of other important industries in 1890 and 1900 is presented in the subjoined table :

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1 Including meat-packing.

2 Cheese, butter, and condensed milk prepared in factories only.

3 Including explosives.

4 The value of the output of spirits is uncertain, the excise duty being included in some returns, in others not.

The production of whisky (Bourbon and Rye) and of brandy, the total production of distilled spirits, and the production of fermented liquors in ten years were as follows:

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