into the reserve of the active army. The army is organised in 3 divisions, 6 brigades, and contains 10 regiments of infantry, 2 regiments and 3 battalions of euzonoi (skirmishers), 3 regiments of artillery, 3 of cavalry, and 1 of engineers. There is at Kerkyra (Corfu) a preparatory school of officers of the reserve, and at Athens a school of cavalry; a military school for about 47 cadets (the Euelpides), and a school for sub-officers. The army by the law of April 6, 1900, is placed under the general command and inspection of the heir apparent of the throne, who is a lieutenant-general. The nominal strength of the army in 1902 was : There were at the same time 3,227 horses and 703 mules, and 180 guns. On the war footing, the strength could be mobilised to 82,000 men. The territorial army numbers about 96,000 men. The navy is of very small calibre. There are three small battleships of 5,000 tons Hydra, Spetsai, and Psara, three 10'6 in., five 6 in., one 4 in., and some smaller guns. There are 19 torpedo boats of no present fighting value the newest being sixteen years old, and some other obsolete craft. about 4,000. Service is by conscription for two Some modern vessels are "projected. The personnel numbers years or by enlistment. Production and Industry. Greece is mainly an agricultural country, and the existing manufactures are not important. The cultivated area extends to about 5,563,100 acres, of which about 1,112,000 acres are under cereals, 1,200,000 fallow, and 2,025,400 covered with forest; there are, besides, about 5,000,000 acres under pasture, and 3,000,000 acres of waste land. By the draining of Lake Copais, an area of about 60,000 acres has been acquired for agricultural purposes. Irrigation and drainage canals, farm roads, and buildings are being constructed, tree planting is undertaken, and the breed of cattle is being improved. While there are a few large proprietors in Greece, the land is to a large extent in the hands of peasant proprietors and metayer farmers. On the whole, agriculture is in a backward state, though the soil is of unusual fertility. The production of cereals in 1901 was :-wheat, 6, 834,460 bushels; barley, 2,951,600 bushels; rye, 96,000 bushels; maize, 4,325,000 bushels; mezlin, 1,430,000 bushels. The most favoured and best cultivated crop is the currant, which covers vast districts. The annual yield is usually about 150,000 tons. In 1898 the Retention Law was passed for the purpose of reducing the quantity available for export to the amount of the demand abroad, so as to maintain the price. From each shipment a quantity is taken without payment, deposited in Government stores, and sold to local distillers and wine-makers. The proceeds are passed to a special fund for a Currant Bank to assist currant growers. This Bank was established in 1899 with a capital of 3,500,000 drachmai (about 85,0001.) which by the operation of the Retention Law increased to about 250,000l. This scheme, however, did not maintain the price of currants to the satisfaction of the growers and, with respect to the crop of 1903, a supplementary scheme was put in operation. The highest price the Bank received for retention' currants was 160 drachmai per ton (metric), but, under the new law, the Bank was required to purchase during the year ending July 31, 1904, whatever dried currants were delivered to it at the minimum price of 260 drachmai per ton (about 11s. 8d. per cwt.), and, to effect these purchases, it borrowed, under government guarantee, 6,000,000 drachinai (about 160,0007.) from local banks. Up to March 15, 1904, it bought 30,000 tons which it could sell at no higher price than retention' currants, so that its loss was at least 3,000,000 drachmai (about 80,0007.). The crop of 1903 was very large : market prices fell below the guaranteed price; there was a rush of growers to sell to the Bank which had made no adequate provision for the receipt and storage of currants and was not even able to pay cash for fruit delivered to it. In 1904, a new scheme was put in operation, imposing a prohibitive tax on fresh currant plantations, substituting a retention of 15 per cent. (20 per cent. in the Ionian Islands) as a duty in kind for the export duty, and requiring the Currant Bank to buy surplus currants at prescribed prices with authority to sell for export in years of short supply at prices not below a prescribed limit. The question is complicated, owing to the Convention with Great Britain which reduced (in 1890) the import duty, the Greek Government undertaking not to increase the export duty on currants. The crop of 1903 amounted to 178,000 tons; quantity retained' 26,000 tons; quantity purchased by law 30,000 tons; available for export, 122,000 tons. The crop of valonea (the acorn cup of the Quercus Aegillops, used in tanning) was, in 1903, 10,050 tons; tobacco of light colour and taste is largely cultivated in some districts, the quantity produced in 1903 was 4,800 tons. About 1,000 tons of sugar was produced in 1903. Silk culture is confined to Messenia, where, in 1902 the export of cocoons and silk amounted to the value of 50,000l. The wine, olive, and fig-growing industries are important. There are in Greece 100,000 horses, 360,000 cattle, and 2,900,000 sheep. Factories are powder and dynamite mills, soap-works, woollen and cotton mills, paper, ship-building, engine, glass, leather, thread, flour, and spirit works. In the Laurium district the marketable ores produced in three years were: From Seriphes and Thermia 208,300 tons of iron ore were exported in 1903. At Zea there are lead mines, little worked; from Milo in 1903 the mineral exports consisted of manganese (4,310 tons), sulphur, gypsum, potters' earth, and millstones. Lignite is found in many parts of Greece and in the islands; other minerals worked are copper, silicate of magnesia, barytes, salt, kaoline, emery, gypsum, and marble. In 1903, 5,813 tons of emery were exported from Syra where the International Control has a depôt for Naxos emery. Marble from various quarries in Greece and the islands was extracted to the amount of 5,104,350 cubic mètres in 1903. Santorine earth (volcanic cement), lava, and pumice are exported from Santorini. Magnesite ore is worked in Euboea, about 27,500 tons being exported annually. Chrome ore was exported from Volo in 1903 to the amount of 7,900 tons. Commerce. The value of the commerce for Greece in the last 5 years was as fellows (in gold drachmai):— 1899 1900 1902 1903 1901 Imports 131,258,749 131,386,348 140,506,210 137,229,364 136,530,072 The special commerce for 1901 and 1902 was as follows with the leading countries (25 drachmai = 17.): The following table shows (provisionally) the principal special imports and exports and their values in 1903 : The The customs revenue amounted in 1903 to 34,377,222 drachmai. revenue from excise in 1902 was 10,571,245 paper drachmai; from the State monopolies, 13,971,191. Duties (nearly all specific) are levied on most imports, the exceptions being specified raw materials, machinery, scientific instruments, and printed books. The duties on ironwork range from 8s. to 64s. per cwt., but on cutlery up to 132. On cotton and linen yarns they are from 16s. to 488.; on woollen yarns 648. to 172s. 10d. per cent., but raw wool is free. On cotton tissues they range from 6s. 5d. to 1928. per cwt.; on woollen, from 325. to 3848. per cwt.; but on cotton or woollen made up clothing are as high as 480s. per cwt. On many articles the duties were increased in 1903. The commercial treaty of 1886 provides for "the most favoured nation" treatment between the United Kingdom and Greece. The countries of origin are those from which the goods are imported into Greece, and the countries of destination are those to which the goods are ultimately exported. The values are determined by a special commission appointed by the Ministry of Finance, and represent the official values according to a scale drawn up in 1889. The value of the imports into the United Kingdom from Greece, and of the domestic exports from the United Kingdom to Greece in each of the last five years, according to the Board of Trade returns, was : The staple article of import from Greece into the United Kingdom is currants the value of which amounted in 1901, to 1,025,9137. ; in 1902 to 1,170,4987. ; in 1903, to 953,8307. Other articles of import in 1903 were :-iron ore (including chrome), 258,8887. ; raisins, 59,2937.; sponges, 64,3967.; valonia, 22,1107. ; olive oil, 3,8531. Of the exports from the United Kingdom to Greece in 1903, cotton goods and yarns were valued at 502,2547.; woollens and worsteds, 109,7587.; coal, 299, 4237. ; iron, 49,2137. ; machinery, 55,4187. Navigation and Shipping. The merchant navy of Greece on January 1, 1904, had, of sea-going vessels, 1,035 sailing vessels of 145,118 tons, and 206 steamers of 198,681 tons; total, 1,075 vessels of 320,620 tons. In 1903, 6,931 vessels of 4,705,392 From Seriphes and Thermia 208,300 tons of iron ore were exported in 1903. At Zea there are lead mines, little worked; from Milo in 1903 the mineral exports consisted of manganese (4,310 tons), sulphur, gypsum, potters' earth, and millstones. Lignite is found in many parts of Greece and in the islands; other minerals worked are copper, silicate of magnesia, barytes, salt, kaoline, emery, gypsum, and marble. In 1903, 5,813 tons of emery were exported from Syra where the International Control has a depôt for Naxos emery. Marble from various quarries in Greece and the islands was extracted to the amount of 5,104,350 cubic mètres in 1903. Santorine earth (volcanic cement), lava, and pumice are exported from Santorini. Magnesite ore is worked in Euboea, about 27,500 tons being exported annually. Chrome ore was exported from Volo in 1903 to the amount of 7,900 tons. Commerce. The value of the commerce for Greece in the last 5 years was as follows (in gold drachmai) :— Imports Drachmai Drachmai Drachmai Drachmai Drachmai The special commerce for 1901 and 1902 was as follows with the leading countries (25 drachmai = 17.): The following table shows (provisionally) the principal special imports and exports and their values in 1903 : |