The following is a list of the twenty-one universities of Italy, with statistics mostly for 1902-1903 :—

In 1902-3 university courses were attended by 259 students at the licei of Aquila, Bari, and Catanzaro.

There were besides 12 university institutions with (1902-03) 3,076 students; and 11 superior special schools with (1902 03) 1,311 students. Of the students at the universities, university institutions, and superior schools, 8,392 studied law and economics; 1,601 philosophy and literature; 8,600 medicine and surgery; 6,584 mathematical, physical, and natural sciences; 1,383 engineering, &c., and 531 agriculture. There were besides 34 schools of agriculture (1902-3) with 1,922 students; 2 schools of mining (1902-1903) with 68 students; 255 industrial and commercial schools (1901-1902) with 37,572 students; 174 schools of design and moulding (1898) with 12,256 students; 13 Government fine art institutes (1902-03) with 2,433 students, and 13 non-Government with 1,625 students; 5 Government institutes and conservatoires of music (1902-03) with 952 students. In 1902-3 there were 51 non-Government institutes with 4,431 pupils.

In 1898 there were in Italy over 1,831 libraries. Of these, 32 were Government libraries, with 1,037,763 readers, who had 1,459,661 books given out (1903).

On December 31, 1895, there were in Italy 1,901 periodical publications. Of these, 479 were political; 327 were economic, juridical, or on social science; 202 agricultural; 243 religious; 169 literary and scientific; 138 medical; the remainder being artistic, military, geographical, or humorous publications. In foreign countries there are about 130 periodicals published in Italian.

In 1900 there were 9,975 books published in Italy, comprising 698 religious books; 907 scholastic and educational; 565 historical and geographical; 443 biographical; 1,516 of poetry and general literature; 332 in mathematical, physical, and natural science; 1,090 in medicine; 1,251 in agriculture, the industries, commerec, &c.

Justice and Crime.

In Italy, justice in penal matters is administered in the first instance by the Pretori, by the penal Tribunals, and by the Courts of assize; on appeal, by the penal Tribunals, and by the Courts of Appeal. The highest court is the Court of Cassation, which confines itself to inquiring whether the forms prescribed by law have been observed.

The Pretori have jurisdiction concerning all misdemeanors (contravvenzioni) and all offences (delitti) punishable by imprisonment not exceeding three months, or banishment not exceeding one year, or by fine not exceeding 1,000 lire. The penal Tribunals have jurisdiction in the first instance in offences (delitti) for which the Code establishes a minimum penalty not exceeding five years of imprisonment and a maximum not exceeding ten years, or in offences punishable by a fine exceeding 1,000 lire.

The Courts of Assize, which in most cases have juries, have jurisdiction in all proceedings concerning serious offences punishable by imprisonment for life (ergastolo), or by imprisonment exceeding in the minimum five years, and in the maximum ten years (reclusion and detention). They have exclusive jurisdiction concerning offences against the internal and external security of the State, and all press offences. Appeal is allowed to the penal Tribunals from the sentences of the Pretori, and to the Courts of Appeal from those of the penal Tribunals. The Court of Cassation has power to annul, for illegality, sentences passed by the inferior Courts, and to decide questions of jurisdiction or competency.

Italy is divided, for the administration of justice, into 20 appeal court districts, each of which is subdivided into tribunal districts, 162 in all, and these again into mandamenti, each with its own magistracy (Pretura), 1,549 in all.

Table showing the number of persons convicted of offences of all kinds (misdemeanours included) before the various classes of courts, during five

The number of prisons or penitentiaries, with number of inmates, on December 31, 1901, is given as follows:

The following table shows for the year ending June 30, 1905, the estimated revenue and expenditure:

1 Virements indicate money received and expended for special purposes. Though expenditure of this nature is here shown only for the Treasury and the Ministry of Finance, it is distributed among all the ministries to the total amount stated in the revenue column and in the next table.

In the Budget statement the revenue and expenditure are distributed over four categories, summarised as follows:

The following sacie shows the interest Including premiums and sinking mud of the Bibite Denn fr the year 2003-04:

The capital of the consolidated and redeemable debt amounted to 12,621,413,320 lire on July 1, 1903, or 504,856,5007. sterling

The following table shows for the year ending June 30, 1905, the estimated revenue and expenditure:

1 Virements indicate money received and expended for special purposes. Though expenditure of this nature is here shown only for the Treasury and the Ministry of Finance, it is distributed among all the ministries to the total amount stated in the revenue column and in the next table.

In the Budget statement the revenue and expenditure are distributed over four categories, summarised as follows: