Production and Industry. The greater part of the soil of Java is claimed as Government property, and it is principally in the residencies in the western part of Java that there are private estates, chiefly owned by Europeans and by Chinese. The bulk of the people are agricultural labourers. The Government or private landowners can enforce one day's gratuitous work out of seven, or more, from all the labourers on their estates; in 1882 the greater part of these enforced services for the Government was abolished, in return for the payment of one guilder per head yearly. Great power is vested in the Resident and his European and native officials to enforce a strict adherence to all the laws regulating labour. The extent of the soil of Java and Madura regularly cultivated by the natives was, in 1902, 7,202,085 acres (1 acre = 1 bahu). From 1898-1902 the increase of various cultures was as follows, in acres : Owing to the 'agrarian law' (1870), which has afforded opportunity to private energy for obtaining waste lands on hereditary lease (emphyteusis) for seventy-five years, private agriculture has greatly increased in recent years, as well in Java as in the Outposts. In 1902 were ceded to Java by the Government to 816 Companies and Europeans, 1,039,167 acres ; to 63 Chinese, 39,415 acres; to 4 natives, 1,073 acres-total, 1,079,655 acres. Since 1816 no land in Java has been alienated by the Government. In 1902, the lands, now the property of Europeans, have an extent of about 2,303,000 acres, of Chinese, about 348,609 acres, and of other foreign Orientals, about 30,000 acres. In 1891 the Government ceased to cultivate sugar. The sugar is grown on lands hired from the natives, or on lands held on emphyteutic tenure from the Government, or on private properties. In 1902 the number of sugar estates was 185. The yield of sugar in six years has been as follows: - The production of coffee in Dutch India in the years 1898-1902 was in lbs. : - The production of cinchona, in kilogrammes, in Java was as follows: : The production of tobacco, in kilogrammes, was as follows: : The production of tea in Java, in kilogrammes, was as follows: 1897 4,205,576 1898 4,757,168 1899 5,452,773 1901 7,086,301 The production of 1902 was obtained from 117 plantations. 7,523,422 The production of indigo in Java in kilogrammes was as follows: 783,132 1901 716,556 1902 628,655 The production of 1902 was obtained from 101 plantations. 1900 | 817,001 1901 847,579 | 1902 556,139 The production in 1902 was obtained from 96 plantations. The tin mines of Banca are worked by the Government; those of Biliton and Riouw by private enterprise. Their total yield was, in tons : 1899-1900 1900-01 16,460 17,320 The yield of the principal coal mines in Java, Sumatra and Borneo was, in tons: 1897 160,691 1899 182,712 1901 201,930 The production of the principal mineral oil enterprises was in thousands of litres 1899, 289,593; 1900, 406,806; 1901, 316,427; 1902, 353,037. At the end of 1900 there were in Java in all about 2,436,000 buffaloes, 2,654,000 oxen and cows, and 418,400 horses. Horses are never used in India for agricultural purposes. In 1902 there were 3 Government and 64 private printing-offices, 79 ice and soda water manufactories, 18 soap factories, 6 arak distilleries, 15 saw mills, and 99 rice mills. The industrial establishments in Dutch India used, in 1902, 2,553 steam engines. Commerce. No difference is made between Dutch and foreign imports and vessels. There is a tariff of 6 per cent. on certain goods; on some articles there is a small export duty, including tobacco. The export duty on sugar was definitely abolished in 1898, on coffee in 1902. The following table shows the value of the general import and export during the years 1898-1902, in guilders (12 guilders = £1) :— 1898 6,563,279 1,600,000 8,163,279 160,861,010 10,797,143 171,658,153 1899 4,530,029 4,530,029 164,013,315 22,778,926 1900 6,985,149 2,385,000 9,370,149 176,078,795 10,474,578 1901 8,533,558 2,120,000 10,653,558 207,621,425 10,954,086 1902 13,032,570 179,821,432 186,792,241 191,322,270 186,553,373 195,929,522 229,229,069 13,032,570 180,478,447 9,447,023 189,925,470 202 958,040 Exports 1898 13,560,199 1899 14,944,387 1900 26,954,304 1901 20,217,325 1902 18,347.107 13,560,199 202,996,658 1,197,240 204,193,898 217,754,097 14,944,387 235,383,570 595,301 235,978,871 250,923,258 26,954,304 231,283,548 795,754 232,079,302 259,033,606 20,217,325 225,364,102 9,660,287 235,024,389 255,241,714 18,347,107 238,169,502 8,954,875 247,124,377 265,471,484 The principal articles of export are sugar, coffee, tea, rice, indigo, cinchona, tobacco, and tin. With the exception of rice, about one-half of which is shipped for Borneo and China, nearly four-fifths of these exports go to the Netherlands. The subjoined table shows the value of the trade of Java with the United Kingdom, according to the Board of Trade returns, in each of the last five years: The chief articles of import into the United Kingdom are (1903) farinaceous substances, 54, 5137.; pepper, 10, 2227.; oil nuts, 11,6287.; tea, 23,4467. In 1882 unrefined sugar imported from Java amounted to the value of 3,579,1197.; in 1902, nil; in 1903, 262,1717. The staple articles of British home produce exported to Java are (1903) manufactured cotton (including cotton yarns) of the value of 1, 426,7497.; machinery, 57,5907.; iron, wrought and unwrought, 74, 1177.; coals, 16,9267.; woollens, 13,1057.; manure, 255,5447. Shipping and Communications. The following table shows the navigation at the various ports of Nether lands India in 1901 and 1902, and the share of England in it : At the end of 1902 the total length of railways (State and private) opened for traffic was about 1,392 English miles; the revenues were 18,734,000 guilders. There are about 223 post-offices; the number of letters carried in 1902 for internal intercourse was 12,814,568, while 8,630,492 newspapers, &c., for the interior passed through the various post-offices in the Dutch Indies. In 1902, 1,828,230 letters were carried for foreign postal intercourse. There were 7,732 miles of telegraph lines in Dutch India in 1902 with 399 offices; the number of messages was 668,785. Since 1896, Batavia, Samarang, and Sourabaya are connected by telephone. Money and Credit. The 'Java Bank,' established in 1828, has a capital of 6,000,000 guilders, and a reserve of about 1,200,000 guilders. The Government has a control over the administration. Two-fifths of the amount of the notes, assignats, and credits must be covered by specie or bullion. In March, 1903, the value of the notes in circulation was 50,757,000 guilders, and of the bank operations .31,594,000. There are two other Dutch banks, besides branches of British banks. In the savings-banks, including the Postal savings-bank, there were, in 1902, 40,547 depositors, with a deposited amount of 10,128,520 guilders. Money, Weights, and Measures. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. The Amsterdamsch Pond. = 109 lb. avoirdupois. The only legal coins, as well as the weights and measures, of Dutch India are those of the Netherlands. Consular Representatives. British Consul at Batavia.-D. D. Fraser. DUTCH WEST INDIES. The Dutch possessions in the West Indies are (a) Surinam, or Dutch Guiana, and (b) the colony Curaçao. Surinam or Dutch Guiana. Dutch Guiana or Surinam is situated on the north coast of S. America, between 2° and 6° N. latitude, and 53° 50′ and 58° 20′ E. longitude, and bounded on the north by the Atlantic Ocean, on the east by the river Marowijne, which separates it from French Guiana, on the west by the river Corantyn, which separates it from British Guiana, and on the south by inaccessible forests and savannas to the Turmchumce Mountains. At the peace of Breda, in 1667, between England and the United Netherlands, Surinam was assured to the Netherlands in exchange for the colony New Netherlands in North America, and this was confirmed by the treaty of Westminster of February, 1674. Since then Surinam has been twice in the power of England, 1799 till 1802, when it was restored at the peace of Amiens, and in 1804 to 1816, when it was returned according to the Convention of London of August 13, 1814, confirmed at the peace of Paris of November 20, 1815, with the other Dutch colonies, except Berbice, Demerara, Essequibo, and the Cape of Good Hope. The superior administration and executive authority of Surinam is in the hands of a governor, assisted by a council consisting of the governor as president, a vice-president and three members, all nominated by the Queen. The Colonial States form the representative body of the colony. The members are chosen for 6 years by electors in proportion of one in 200 electors. Dutch Guiana is divided into sixteen districts and numerous communes. The area of Dutch Guiana is 46,060 English square miles. At the end of 1902 the population was about 72,295, exclusive of the negroes living in the forests. The capital is Paramaribo, with about 32,219 inhabitants According to the terms of the regulation for the government of Dutch Guiana, entire liberty is granted to the members of all religious confessions. At the end of 1902 there were: Reformed and Lutheran, 9,543; Moravian. Brethren, 28,025; Roman Catholic, 13,300; Jews, 1,158; Mohammedans, 6,071; Hindus, 11,883, &c. There were, in 1902, 21 public schools with 2,292 pupils, and 33 private schools with 4,860 pupils. Besides these elementary schools, there are a normal school and a central school of the Moravian Brethren for training teachers and of the Roman Catholics. There is a court of justice, whose president, members, and recorder are nominated by the Sovereign. Further, there are three cantonal courts and two circuit courts. The relations of Government to pauperism are limited to subventions to orphan-houses and other religious or philanthropical institutions. The local revenue is derived from import, export, and excise duties, taxes on houses and estates, personal imposts, and some indirect taxes. A subvention from the mother-country is necessary. The revenue and expenditure in the last five years, in guilders, were : In 1902 the militia ('Schutterij') consisted of 25 officers and 438 men, the |