civic guard of 62 officers and 1,852 men, and the garrison of 18 officers and 360 The navy consists of a few guard ships, with some vessels of the royal men. navy. In 1902 sugar was produced on 6 plantations of 2,048 hectares to the amount of 13,046,494 kilogrammes; cacao on about 84 plantations of 14,347 hectares to the amount of 2,187,174 kilogrammes. The other productions in 1902 were bananas, 555,718 bunches; coffee, 240,191 kilogrammes; rice, 373,685 kilogrammes; maize, 558,607 kilogrammes; rum, 1,017,353 litres; and molasses, 1,160,800 litres. For gold mining were granted, at the end of 1902, 396 concessions, comprising 324,293 hectares. In that year the export of gold was 583,423 grammes, valued at 799,290 guilders. This export was: to the Netherlands, 570,251 grammes. In 1902 the gold production amounted to 587,604 grammes. The working for gold has hitherto been carried on chiefly by alluvial washings, but several companies have now been started for crushing operations. In 1902 there entered 215 vessels of 131, 182 tons, and cleared 216 ships of 132,840 tons. The following table shows the value of the imports and exports during the years 1898-1902 : In 1903 the imports into the United Kingdom from the Dutch West Indies, including Curaçao, were valued at 44,7437.; and exports from the United Kingdom of British produce or manufacture to the Dutch West Indies, 128,6301. The communication between several districts of the colony is carried on by vessels and small steamers. British Consul at Paramaribo and Cayenne.-J. R. W. Pigott. Curaçao. The colony of Curaçao consists of the islands Curaçao, Bonaire, Aruba, St. Martin (as far as it belongs to the Netherlands), St. Eustache, and Saba, lying north from the coast of Venezuela. 1 Only the southern part belongs to the Netherlands, the northern to France. The colony is governed by a Governor, assisted by a Council composed of a vice-president and three members, he himself being president, all nominated by the Sovereign. There is also a Colonial Council consisting of thirteen members nominated by the Sovereign. The different islands of the colony, except Curaçao, are placed under officials called 'gezaghebbers,' nominated by the Sovereign. At the end of 1902 there were 45,260 Roman Catholics, 7,117 Protestants, 863 Jews. The number of schools was in 1902 about 36 with about 5,194 pupils. The revenue is derived from import, export, and excise duties, taxes on land, and some indirect taxes. In the Budget for 1904 the revenue is estimated at 492,000 guilders, and the expenditure at 790,000 guilders ; the difference is supplied by the mother-country. The militia (Schutterij) of the Isle of Curaçao consisted at the end of 1902 of 27 officers and 370 men; the garrison of 9 officers and 196 men. A vessel of the royal navy is always cruising and visiting the different islands. In Aruba gold and phosphate of lime are being worked under concessions recently granted. The imports of the island of Curaçao in 1902 were valued at 2,350,663 guilders; the exports of the other islands—Curaçao has no export dutiesat 312,407 guilders. The chief products are maize, beans, pulse, cattle, salt, and phosphate of lime. There entered the ports of the different islands in 1902, 2,969 vessels of 470,820 English tons. British Consul at Curaçao.-J. Jesurun. Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning the Netherlands and its Colonies. 1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS. Annual Statement of the British Possessions. Imp. 4. (1) The Netherlands. Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and Education in the Netherlands. Board of Education. London, 1902. Gerechtelijke Statistiek van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden. 's Gravenhage, 1901. Onderzoek naar de geschiedenis en Werkzaamheid der Vakvereenigingen, uitgegeven door het Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, 1896. Report by Mr. Sydney Locock, Secretary of Legation, on land laws and landed property, dated The Hague, December 20, 1869; in Reports from H. M.'s Representatives respecting the Tenure of Land in the several Countries of Europe.' Part I. Fol. London, 1870. Statistiek van het Gevangeniswezen. 1902. Staatsalmanak voor het Koningrijk der Nederlanden. 1904. Met machtiging van de regeering uit officiele opgaven zamengesteld. 's Gravenhage. Staatsbegrooting voor het dienstjaar 1905. 's Gravenhage. Statistiek van den in-, uit- en doorvoer over 1903. Statistiek van den Handel en de Scheepvaart van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden. 's Gravenhage, 1903. Uitkomsten der 8e tienjaarl: volkstelling van 1899-1900 in het koninkrijk der Nederlanden. 's Gravenhage, 1901. Verslag der Nederlandsche Bank. 1903. Verslag van den Raad v Toezicht op de Spoorwegdiensten over 1903. Verslag van den Staat der hoogere, middelbare en lagere scholen over 1903. Verslag van den Staat der Nederlandsche Zeevisscherijen over 1903. 's Gravenhage. Verzameling van Consulaire en andere Berigten en Verslagen over Nijverheid, Handel en Scheepvaart. Uitgegeven door het Ministerie van Buitenlandsche Zaken. Jaargang 1903 4. 's Gravenhage. (2) Colonies. Begrooting van Ned. Indie voor, 1905. Holland. East Indies. Colonial Possessions. Admiralty, Naval Intelligence Depart ment. London, 1888. Jaarcijfers voor 1902 door het Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. Jaarboek van het mijnwezen in Nederlandsch Oost-Indië. Uitgegeven op last van Z. Exc. den Minister van Koloniën. 1888. Amsterdam, 1889. Kolonial-Economische Bydragen. Uitgegeven in opdracht van den Minister van Kolonien. 3 vols. Haag, 1904. Koloniaal Verslag van 1903. 's Gravenhage, 1904. 1904. Batavia. Reports on the Trade of Java and of Curaçoa. Foreign Office Reports, Annual Series London. Résumé van het onderzoek naar de rechten van den inlander op den grond op Java en Madoera. Batavia. 1890. Verbeek (R. D. V.), and Fennema (R.), Description géologique de Java et Madoura, 2 vols. Amsterdam, 1896. 2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS. (1) The Netherlands. Algemeene Statistiek van Nederland. Uitgegeven door de Vereeniging voor de Statistiek in Nederland. 8. Leiden, 1869-82. Paris, 1900. 2nd ed. The Amicis (E. de), Holland. [Translated from the Italian.] 2 vols. 8. London, 1883. Baedeker's Handbook for Belgium and Holland. 13th ed. London, 1901. Bernard (F.) and others, La Hollande, Geographique, Ethnologique, &c. Blok (P. J.), Geschiedenis van het Nederlandsche Volk. Vols. I.-IV. Hague, 1900. [Eng. Trans. Parts I. and II. London, 1898-99.] Ditchfield (P. H.), The Church in the Netherlands. 8. London, 1892. Doughty (H. M.), Friesland Meres. 3rd ed. 8. London, 1890. Een Halve Eeuw, 1848-98. The Hague, 1898. Gids der Nederlandsche Weldadigheid. Amsterdam, 1899. Hare (A. J. C.), Sketches in Holland and Scandinavia. London, 1885. Havard (H.), In the Heart of Holland. (Eng. Trans.) 8. London, 1880. Lenting (L. E.), Schets van het nederlandsch staatsbestuur en dat der overzeesche bezittingen, 1900. Loos (D. de), Organisation de l'enseignement secondaire dans le Royaume des Pays-Bas. Leiden, 1894. Meldrum (D. S.), Holland and the Hollanders. 2nd ed. London, 1899. A. Rambaud. Vol. XI. Paris, 1899. Motley (J. L.), The Rise of the Dutch Republic. 3 vols. 8 edited by E. Lavisse and London, 1858. Motley (J. L.), History of the United Netherlands. 4 vols. London, 1869. Oppenheim (Dr. J.), Handboek voor het gemeenterecht. 2e druk. Groningen, 1902. Rengers (van Welderen, Baron), Schets einer parlementaire geschiedenis van Nederland. 's Gravenhage, 1893. 2 vols. Rogers (J. E. T.), Holland. In "Story of the Nation Series. 8. London, 1886. Trans. London, 1900.] Smissaert (H.), Overzicht van het nederlandsch arm wezen, 1901. Paris, 1897. [Eng. Staatkundig en staathuishoudkundig Jaarboekje. Uitgegeven door de Vereeniging voor de Statistiek in Nederland. 8. Amsterdam. Wood (C. W.), Through Holland. 8. London, 1877. (2) Colonies. Aardrijkskundig en statistisch woordenboek van Ned. Indië. Amsterdam, 1861. Bemmelen (J van) and Hooyer (G. B.), Guide to the Dutch East Indies. London, 1897. Berg (Van den), The Financial and Economical Condition of Netherlands India. The Hague, 1895. Bernard (F.), A travers Sumatra. Paris, 1904. Bickmore (H. S.), Travels in the East Indian Archipelago. 8. London, 1868. Bool (H. J.), Regeringsreglement van Ned. Indie. Zalt-Bommel, 1876. Boys (H. S.), Some Notes on Java and its Administration by the Dutch. 8. Allahabad, 1892. Chailley-Bert (J.), Java et ses Habitants. Paris, 1900.-La Hollande et les Fonction. naires des Indes Néerlandaises. Paris, 1893. Coll (C. van), Gegevens over Land en Volk van Suriname. Surinam, 1904. Cool (W.), With the Dutch in the East. [Military operations in Lombok, &c., in 1894. Eng. Trans.] London, 1897. De Jonge (Jhr. M. J. K. J.), De Opkomst van het Nederlandsch gezag ove Java II.-VII. The Hague, 1869-75.* De Louter (Dr. J.), Handleiding tot de kennis van het staats- en administratiefrecht van Ned. Indie. 's Gravenhage, 1895. Deventer (JSz., S. van), Bijdragen tot de kennis van het Landelijk Stelsel op Java, op. last van Z. Exc. den Minister van Kolonien J. D. Fransen van de Putte bijeenverzameld S. Zalt-Bommel, 1865. Forbes (Mrs. H. O.), Insulinde. 8. London. Giesenhagen (K.), Auf Java und Sumatra. Leipzig, 1902. Gorkom (van), De Oost-Indische Cultures in betrekking tot handel en nijverheid Amsterdam, 1881. 1884. Haga (A.), Nederlandsch Nieuw Guinea en de Papoesche Eilanden. 2 vols. Batavia, Hellwald (Fr. Von), Das Colonialsystem der Niederländer in Ostindien. 8 Leipzig, 1873. Heutsz (J. B. van), De onderwerping van Atjeh. 8. The Hague, 1893. Hollander (Dr. J. T. de), Handleiding bij de beoefening van de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Ned Indie. Breda, 1883. Hugronje (Dr. Snouck), De Atjehers. Batavia, 1894. Jaarcijfers over 1894 en vorige jaren omtrent de kolonien. Uitgegeven door de Vereeniging voor de Statistiek in Nederland. Keuchenius (Dr. L. W. C.), Handelingen betreffende het reglement op het beleid der regering van Nederlandsch Indie. 3 vol. Utrecht. 1857. Leclercq (J.), Un Sejour dans l'Ile de Java. Brussels, 1898. Lith (Dr. P. A. van der), Encyclopedie van Nederl-Indië. Leiden, 1895. Maass (A.), Querdurch Sumatra. Berlin, 1904. Margadant (Dr. C. W.), Ned. Regeeringsreglement van Ned. Indie. 1895. Marsden (W.), History of Sumatra. 3rd edition. 4. London, 1811. Martin (K.), Reisen in den Molukken, in Ambon, den Uliassern, Seran (Ceram) und Buru. Leiden, 1904. Molengraaf (G. A. F.), Geologische Verkenningstochten in Cential Borneo (1893–94). Leiden, 1900. English Translation, Leiden, 1902. Money (J. W. B.), Java, or, How to Manage a Colony; showing a practical solution of the questions now affecting British India. 2 vols. 8. London, 1861. Nieuwenhuis (A, W.), In Central Borneo. 1802.-Quer durch Borneo. Part I. Leiden, 1904. Palgrave (W. G.), Dutch Guiana. 8. London, 1876. Pedersen (H. V.), Door den Oost Indischen Archipel. 1902. Petit (W. L. de), La Conquête de la Vallée d'Atchin. 8. Paris, 1891. Pfluger (A.), Smaragdinseln der Südsee. Bonn, 1901. Powell (F. B. S. B.), In Savage Isles and Settled Lands. 8. London, 1892. London, 1830. Raffles (Sir T. S.), History of Java. 2 vols. London, 1817. "Life of Sir T. Stamford Raffles. By his Widow. Reclus (Elisée), Universal Geography. Vol. XIV. Scidmore (Eliza R.), Java the Garden of the East. Tijdschrift van het koninklijk instituut voor taal-, land- en volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië. 's Gravenhage, 1855-1901. Veth (Prof. P. J.), Java: geographisch, ethnologisch, historisch. 1875-84. Verslag der Javasche Bank over 1901-1902. Wallace (Alfred Russel), The Malay Archipelago. 8. London, 1869. Haarlein. 3 vols. Wit (Augusta de), Facts and Fancies about Java. 2nd. ed. The Hague, 1900. NICARAGUA. (REPÚBLICA DE NICARAGUA.) Constitution and Government. THE new Constitution of the Republic of Nicaragua was proclaimed on July 4, 1894 and amended December 10, 1896. It vests the legislative power in a Congress of one House. The Legislature is elected by universal suffrage, the term being two years, and the number of representatives 40. cutive power is with a President elected for four years. The exe President of the Republic.-General José Santos Zelaya, for the term 1902-1906. The President exercises his functions through a council of responsible ministers, composed of the heads of the five departments of Foreign Affairs and Public Instruction; Finance; Interior, Justice, and Police; War, and Marine; Public Works. The Republic is divided into 13 departments, 2 comarcas, and 3 districts, each of which is under a political head, who has supervision of finance, instruction and other matters, and is also military commandant. The Mosquito Reserve forms one of these departments, and is now named Zelaya. The Indians in this region are under the protection of Great Britain; but it is stated that the British Government is desirous of withdrawing all claim to jurisdiction in the country. The judicial power is vested in a supreme Court of Justice, two chambers of second instance, and judges of inferior tribunals. The active army consists of 2,000 men, with a reserve of 10,000 men, and a militia or national guard of 5,000. Area and Population. The area of the Republic is estimated at 49,200 English square miles, and the population (1895) 380,000, or including uncivilised Indians 420,000, giving about 8.5 inhabitants per square mile. In 1900 the population was estimated at about 500,000. The great mass of the population consists of aboriginal Indians,' mulattoes, negroes, and mixed races, and the number of Europeans and their descendants is very small but on the increase. Their number is about 1,200. There are 28 towns with from 2,000 to 30,000 inhabitants. The capital of the Republic and seat of government is the town of Managua, situated on the southern border of the great lake of the same name, with about 30,000 inhabitants. Leon has a population of 45,000; Granada, 25,000; Masaya, 20,000; Chinandega, 20,000; Matagalpa, 4,000; Bluefields and San Juan del Norte (Greytown) have each over 2,000. Other towns are Corinto, and San Juan del Sur on the Pacific. Immigration is encouraged, and in 1900 a concession of 60,000 acres of land was granted for colonisation, the concessionaire undertaking to introduce agricultural immigrants from Northern Europe, to establish an agricultural school, and to import approved breeding cattle. Instruction. According to an official statement of 1900 there were 323 elementary schools with 17,803 pupils. There were, besides, ten colleges and two universities (facultades). The total teaching staff of schools, colleges, and universities was 631; the expenditure during the year was 284,945 pesos. A national Industrial, Commercial, and scientific Museum has been established at Managua. |