tears-the common soldiers declaring that the Pope's benediction will a thousand times overpay them for all their toil, all their wounds, all their blood spilt beneath the walls of Rome. "Qu'ils sont bons,' disait l'autre jour un cardinal à un personnage Français de la plus éminente piété, 'qu'ils sont bons, vos Français ! s'ils restent ils finiront par convertir tous nos Romains!'" In like manner the author of Flemish Interiors has been flouted for maintaining the decided piety of not only the French volunteers who fought for the Pope under Lamoricière, but also of the French army which fought against the Austrians; even the Zouaves exhibiting a spectacle of religious faith and practice which "must have been highly edifying to the Italians, among whom their campaigns were made.” Not but that candid British reviewers own the connection between military and religious ardour to be too natural to warrant a denial of its existence on a large scale in the French Imperial army. Was not the founder of the Order of Jesuits a soldier? and was not the first colonel of Zouaves, General Lamoricière, known to be "devout"? As to the author's stress laid upon the similarity which may be traced between the duties and the trials of the soldier and the priest, it is allowed to be impossible to pronounce that this similarity does not exist; and if there are many soldiers who do not act up to the high standard thus placed before them, it may be, and is, conceded that there are also not a few priests whose shortcomings are equally conspicuous.

Books appear from time to time, such as Dr. C. Rogers's Christian Heroes in the Army and Navy, which offer exemplars of such heroism; but they are apt to be one-sided, and seldom make any pretensions to be complete. The volume just named omits mention of "the psalm-singing admiral," Lord Gambier, whom Admiral Harvey reproached to his face, in the Rochefort affair (see the Earl of Dundonald's memoirs), for mustering the ships' companies for catechizing, instead of taking soundings of the anchorage; it being indeed a now accepted fact, that Lord Gambier neglected to have the enemy's defences and the approach to them properly examined, while he spared no

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pains in the religious instruction of his crews. Due place is found for that "faithful soldier of the cross," Lord Exmouth; and for Admiral Kempenfelt, who not only sang hymns, but composed them; and for Sir Edward Parry, whom cynical reviewers point to as having made "a pretty good thing of his religion, both temporally and spiritually ;" and from the same volume they single out, as a companion instance, Major-General Burn. Colonel Blackader, of the Cameronian regiment, is more highly esteemed ab extrà,-deeply imbued as he was with the spirit of the preacher from whom that regiment was named-the spirit in which he wrote in his diary, that, “if God were with him, he durst attack the French lines alone." There needed no biography of the American General Lee, to assure students of his career that he was one of the best men and truest Christians, as well as one of the noblest soldiers and ablest generals, of whom history bears witness. Nor could faction itself deny to many others on the same side, as well as to him and Stonewall Jackson, an established character for pure and deep religion, as well as high honour and virtue. General Jackson's earnest ascription of his victories to "our God," is allowed to have been no matter of form or pious phraseology, somewhat demonstrative as well as earnest though his devotion may have appeared; and the perfect resignation with which he accepted death in the prime of life, and at the zenith of his fame and usefulness, has been cited as a conclusive proof of the thorough genuineness of a faith which, says one English critic, while as simple as that of a child, had in it nothing unworthy of the hero.

Havelock, it has been said, became a popular hero in England, not only because he was eminent as a soldier and excellent as a man, but because he was religious; and his religion took a very marked form, and was, in an unusual degree, at once sincere and demonstrative. Every one, a critic of an utterly distinct school has declared, must honour the courage with which Havelock stuck to what he thought was right, and the heartiness with which he laboured to bring home a sense of religion to those with whom he came in contact: wherever

he went he had what his American biographer calls a Bethel tent, in which he preached to, and prayed with, his soldiers; and his efforts were unwearying to put down the usual military vices, especially that of drinking-which labours were not without a visible result, for we are told that the men in his regiment who came under his influence were not only zealous attendants at his ministrations, but were capital soldiers, and very temperate. That Mr. Headley should be lost in wonder at a soldier being religious, occasioned the remark by a thoughtful writer that, constantly as soldiers are thrown in the way of coarse temptations, and unlikely as the moral standard of officers is to be a very strict one, yet, if an officer once separates himself from the way of life which is the attraction to most men entering the army, and can hold his own course, he is not in a very unfavourable position. "There is nothing in the duties he has to perform, nothing in the way of his daily life, which makes it hard for him to be a religious man. He has a constant sense of responsibility to stimulate him, and his occupations are at once grave and methodical." This writer contends that there are many callings perfectly lawful which often present more serious obstacles to the growth of a spiritual Christianity.

Major Ranken, a name of note in Canada and the Crimea, is another example of the devout soldier, simple, grave, sincere. His journal affords ample evidence of the support which the practice of religious duties gave him amid the difficulties and dangers of his calling. Such entries, for instance, as this: "Sept. 5 [1855, after arduous nights in the trenches]. -Thank God, I still keep quite well, though disease and death are rife around me. Exposed constantly to danger, I can rely only upon God, and place my life in His hands. Last Sunday I received the Sacrament with seven or eight of my brother officers-the ceremony, within sound, and even range, of the enemy's guns, was to me deeply impressive. Nothing makes a man feel the extreme uncertainty of life, and his entire dependence on the will of God, so much as war. I was on duty in the trenches on Sunday night, and I think the ceremony

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I had gone through strengthened and supported me a good deal." The question which this young Crimean officer asked himself, in his rude hut, penning question and answer on a chest, "with ink just thawed before the fire," was, What good could he do in this world before he should leave it, to be numbered with the things that have been? And his desire was, to be filled (as he expresses it) with a fine enthusiasm, an onwardpressing feeling that should bear him up and carry him through difficulties, dangers, and opposition—an enthusiasm for whatever is right, noble, lovely, and of good report. His desire was to be filled to overflowing with an intense sympathy for all that is suffering, oppressed, bowed down, isolated, stricken, and comfortless; and in all things to feel that he had within him a spirit fresh as it were from the hand of the Great Creator.

Corporals and sergeants have their representative men on the muster roll of Christian heroes. Dr. Rogers has commemorated accordingly the careers of Corporal Robert Flockhart, who for upwards of forty years preached daily in the streets of Edinburgh, and of Corporal James Murray, of Belfast by birth, who from Romanist turned Protestant, and from dissolute devout. A prominent figure in the correspondence of Hannah More is that Sergeant Hill who had been one of her (and her sisters') first scholars at Cheddar, and whom she thanks God for preserving in faith and virtue, in a station so full of temptation. Some half-dozen years later, she asks Mr. Wilberforce if he remembers this same "John Hill, our first scholar, whose piety and good manners you used to notice? He afterwards became a teacher, but war tore him from us. Judge of our pleasure to see him at Weymouth, in full regimentals, acting as paymaster and sergeant-major! There was a sort of review. Everybody praised the training of eight hundred men, so well disciplined. The officers said they were fit for any service. One of them said to us, 'All this is due to the great abilities and industry of Sergeant Hill. . . At first he was so religious that we thought him a Methodist ; but we find him so good a soldier, and so correct in his morals

that we do not trouble ourselves about his religion.”” Fenimore Cooper had such a figure in his mind's eye when he painted his Sergeant Hollister, "distinguished in the corps as a man of most exemplary piety and holiness of life," who, when Harvey Birch shudders at the darkness and desolation of the prison cell he is led into, and calls it a fearful place wherein to prepare for the last change, replies, "Why, for the matter of that, it can reckon but little in the great account, where a man parades his thoughts for the last review, so that he finds them fit to pass the muster of another world. I have a small book here,” adds the veteran, "which I make it a point to read a little in whenever we are about to engage, and I find it a great strengthener in time of need." With which words he hands a pocket Bible to the condemned spy.

Doddridge's book has made Colonel Gardiner an accepted type, or stereotype, of the devout soldier. And naturally there was some popular resentment expressed at Dr. Carlyle's characterization of him, all too slightingly, as "an honest wellmeaning man and a pious Christian," but "very ostentatious; though, to tell the truth, he boasted oftener of his conversion than of the dangerous battles he had been in." Sir Walter Scott, in the novel that gave all the Waverley novels a name, introduces Colonel Gardiner in more than one chapter, and always in terms of unqualified respect and of sincere homage to exceptional worth. His estimate of the man is so far in marked contrast with that expressed by the latitudinarian divine of Musselburgh, Jupiter Carlyle. The great novelist has nothing but grave words of admiration for this devout commander; while the tone adopted towards him by the reverend Álexander is nearer akin to that in which the yäger flings out at the royal Swede, in Wallenstein's Camp:

"What a fuss and a bother, forsooth, was made

By that man-tormentor, Gustavus the Swede,
Whose camp was a church, where prayers were said
At morning réveille and evening tattoo;
And whenever it chanced that we frisky grew,
A sermon himself from the saddle he'd read.

Sergeant. Ay, that was a man with the fear of God."