Haiti. Capital: PORT AU PRINCE. The Republic of Haiti constitutes about one-third of that island lying southeast of Cuba. sometimes called Haiti and sometimes San Domingo. The other two-thirds of the island is occupied by the Republic under the latter name. The island, materially and geographically, as well as historically, is one of the most remarkable places in the Western Hemisphere. It is situated somewhat less than 1.400 miles directly south of the New England coast, and only a little more distant directly east of the city of Mexico. Cuba is some fifty miles to the northwest, and Porto Rico the same distance to the east, while Jamaica lies about one hundred miles to the southwest. It is placed, as it were, right in the centre of the four great Antilles, of which it is one, and is next in size after Cuba. Haiti, the Republic, is nearly as large as the country of. Belgium. Barely separated by a range of mountains, Haiti and San Domingo are, in language, traditions and social ideas, as dissimilar as France and Spain. Not more than one-tenth of the population of Haiti consists of white foreigners, and the remainder is made up of persons of unmixed African blood, and mulattoes, quadroons and octoroons of varying degrees of color. French is the language spoken, pure among the educated and a patois among the lower classes. For three generations it has been the rule for the well-todo people to send their children to France to be educated, and it is a saying in Paris that the only foreigners who speak French perfectly are those from Haiti and from Russia. It is said that the United States would be preferred as an educational point for the young people of this republic were it not for the prejudice here against black complexions. The patois of the country class is a creole, which almost deserves rank as a separate language, though but a dialect. This is essentially an unwritten language, and its leading characteristic is abbreviation. Little attention is paid to distinctions of gender, number and case; plurality is indicated by a particle only when it is absolutely necessary, and the feminine adjective seems to be preferred. All classes speak this language, it being necessary for the carrying on of business. Haiti was the sixth point of land discovered in the New World in 1492 by Columbus, and was named by him Hispanola. Historians have made an estimate that the island contained about 1,000,000 inhabitants at that time. Here was founded the first Spanish colony in the Western Hemisphere. The discovery of gold filled the country with greedy adventurers, who drove the natives to work in the mines and till the soil, in spite of protest, revolt and resistance. Spaniards liked to compare this land with the splendors of Andalusia, and the colony became the commercial emporium of the New World. But it was found that under the cruel exactions of the Spaniards the aborigines decreased in numbers, and there were no more than 60,000 left after fifteen years of Spanish occupancy. Natives from the surrounding islands were decoyed from their homes and made to work in the mines, but they were not found to suffice, and in 1502 Africans were purchased from the Portuguese for servitude in the colony. When the yield of the gold fields began to diminish there was a rush of the colonists to Mexico and Peru, and their black slaves were taken with them. This ended the glory of Spanish occupation. The English and Frerch, united against Spain in 1520, formed coincidently bases of operations on the Island of St. Christopher. Their garrisons were attacked by the Spaniards, and the French who escaped went to the Island of Tortuga. Their numbers being increased by others who fled from the Spanish, they began to take possession of the larger island, and in about 1530 French occupation of the country was commenced. They pushed little by little into the interior, cargoes of black slaves were brought, to the number of many thousands annually, and the colony became one of the most favored in the world. In 1795 Spain, by the treaty of Baie, ceded the whole island to France, but the eastern part went back to the dominion of the former country after the downfall of Napoleon. When the French Revolution broke like a tornado over the world it found the elements in Haiti quite ripe for a similar outburst. There were 30,000 whites, 30,000 mulattoes, free, but smarting under most humiliating social, legal and industrial discriminations. and 50,000 blacks, still slaves. In 1789 the news of the decrees of the National Assembly at Versailles reached Haiti, the whole colony was thrown into excitement, turmoil and finally anarchy, and continued so until the mulattoes carried their point, which was to secure full recognition of their citizenship, and they, together with whites, appealed to the blacks. Then followed a fierce strife, compared with which the French Revolution appeared tame, and the condition of affairs led the commissioners sent by France to restore order to proclaim a general emancipation in 1793. In 1804 the declaration of Hatien independence was proclaimed. During the first eighty-eight years of the Republic's life she has had seventeen chiefs of State. Of these Toussaint L'Ouverture died a prisoner in France; Dessalines was assassinated; Christophe committed suicide; Petion died in office; Boyer and his successor, Riviere, were overthrown by violence and died in exile; Guerrier and Riche, like Petion, died in office; Soulouque was overthrown with violence; Geffard was driven to exile: Salnave was driven out by a revolution and shot by order of his successor: Saget retired at the end of his term and died in his own country; Domingue died in exile; Canal retired voluntarily after a revolution; Salomon died in exile: Legitime was driven out by a revolution. General Tiresias Simon Sam was elected President in 1896. The Republic of Haiti has an area of about 10,204 English square miles, and by an ecclesiastical enumeration in 1894 the population was found to number about 1,210,625. No enumeration has been made since that time. The religion is nominally Roman Catholic, and it is said that there is probably not a Protestant Church or society made up entirely of native citizens in the Republic. The Protestnat denominations have established churches and are well represented, however, the Constitution providing for their welcome and support. Public elementary instruction is free, the country being divided into fourteen inspectors' districts. The sum allotted to schools is nearly $1,000,000 annually, but the educational system is said to be very imperfect, especially in rural districts. There are 400 national schools, besides private schools, and five public Lycees. The industries of Haiti are mainly agricultural, and the most important product is coffee of excellent quality, though the export duty is so considerable as to prevent the development of its cultivation. Cocoa is grown extensively, and cotton is exported in increasing quantities. A company was recently formed for the cultivation of tobacco and rum, and other spirits are distilled but not exported. The cattle trade has been checked by heavy duties levied on exports for horses, cattle, goats and sheep. Haiti possesses mineral resources quite undeveloped. Gold, silver, copper, iron, antimony, tin, sulphur, coal, koalin, nickel, gypsum, limestone and porphyry are found abundantly, but not worked to any extent. The coffee plantations cover an area of about 125,500 acres, and in the season of 1899-1900 the exports amounted to 72,122,781 pounds. The export duty is $3.86 2-3 per hundred weight. The Haitien army, at the beginning of 1902, consisted nominally of 6.828 men, chiefly infantry, and the Republic possessed a flotilla of six small vessels, ranking as third-class cruisers. The newest and best of these vessels was the Crete-a-Pierrot, built in England in 1895, and having a displacement of 940 tons and a speed of 15.5 knots. Early in May, 1902, General Tiresias Simon Sam, President of the Republic, resigned his office because of the dissatisfaction shown by members of his party. It was claimed that he was working to succeed himself at the expiration of his term, in direct opposition to the Constitution of the Republic, and comments on this rumor led him to tender his resignation. Congress was called to meet May 12, to select a successor, but succeeded only in establishing a provisional government. General Firmin, who desired the office for himself, appealed to the dissatisfied element, and a revolt was begun in June. The rebels met with the full opposition of the regular army of the Provisional Government, and there were numerous engagements throughout the Summer. The gunboat, Crete-a-Pierrot, the best vessel of the Haitien Navy, was seized by the Firminists and used as a blockade vessel at Cape Haitien. Threats to bombard the town brought appeals from the foreign residents, and the United States sent the Machias and the Cincinnati to look out for American interests. The commanders of these vessels reported no effectual blockade of any port. On September 2 the Crete-a-Pierrot stopped a vessel of the Hamburg-American packet line and took from her ammunition and guns intended, presumably, for the Provisional Government. In retaliation, Germany ordered the gunboat Panther to find the Firminist vessel and demand her surrender. Without delay the Panther proceeded to the harbor of Gonaves, found the Crete-a-Pierrot, gave her commander five minutes in which to leave her, extended the time to fifteen minutes, and then found that the Haitiens had fired their boat before escaping to shore. Shells from the Panther finished her. The officers of the Firminists' Government were: President, M. Firmin; Minister of War and Marine, M. Killlek; Minister of Finance, M. Bourand; Minister of Foreign Affairs, M. Henriquez; Minister of Public Works, M. St. Louis; Minister of Interior, M. Chicoye; Minister of Agriculture, M, Lamour. Hawaii. Hawaii, or the Sandwich Islands, is a small group of islands in the Pacific Ocean, about 2,100 miles west-southwest of San Francisco. The islands were acquired by the United States by an act of Congress of July 7, 1898, and were organized as the Territory of Hawaii by an act of April 30, 1900, with the capital at Honolulu on the Island of Oahu. The islands were discovered by the Spaniards in 1549, and examined by Captain Cook in 1778. During the greater part of the nineteenth century they formed an independent kingdom, whose integrity was recognized by the powers. In 1893, however, the reigning Queen, Liliuokalani, was deposed and a provisional government formed. In 1894 a republic was proclaimed, with a president and a legislature of two houses. For military purposes the islands have been attached to the Department of California. The total area of the islands is 6,640 square miles, and the total population, according to the report of the Governor of the Territory, was 153,727 in 1900. The number of native Hawaiians was 29,834, showing a decrease in this element of population since the last census. Capital: Ex-Queen Liliuokalani. The manufacturing industries of Hawaii may be divided into two classes, the various small industries maintained to supply local needs and the large industry of sugar manufacture, dependent upon the territorial supply of sugar cane. Sugar mills of the best kind, equipped with modern machinery, have been built in Hawaii, and the increased development of the industry is assured provided the sugar cane supply and the labor supply are kept sufficient. Before the act of 1900, which made Hawaii a part of the territory of the United States. Chinese and Japanese were brought freely to the islands to work in the sugar fields, and an abundant supply of cheap labor was assured. The act of 1900 applied the United States Immigration laws to the islands, and made it impossible to import alien labor. Americans seem to be unable to stand the severe work of the sugar fields, and the remaining supply of laborers is insufficient to fill the need. The Governor, in his report for 1901 states that "all sugar planta their former value, owing to the and if no relief is forthcoming the low." When the territorial act for ing formulated in Congress, earn ing a property qualification for the that a general suffrage, placing in power would be prejudicial to islanders were given practically waiians refused to ally themselves publican parties, but formed a At the first election held in the electing Robert W. Wilcox as Dele At the first session of the Leg very little business was done, ex to devise a dog tax. Most of the lators seemed to be directed propriation bills were even intro an extraordinary session of the expenses of the Territory. In his ized the legislators as having been The "home rule" party sent a removal of Governor Dole, on the powers of his office and had shown bers of the Legislature sent a coun ernor. Governor Sanford B. Dole. Copyright, Purdy, Boston. tion stocks have fallen far below uncertainty of the labor supply, most disastrous results will folthe government of Hawaii was beest representations were made urgright of suffrage, on the ground the Hawaiians and poorer classes American interests. However, the universal suffrage, and the Hawith either the Democratic or Rehome rule" party of their own. Territory this party was victorious, gate to Congress. islature, beginning March 1, 1901, cept to formulate county laws and efforts of the "home rule" legis- | against Governor Dole. No apduced, and it was necessary to call body to provide for the running message Governor Dole characterwasteful of both time and money. petition to Congress asking the grounds that he had exceeded the favoritism. The Republican memter petition, endorsing the Goyfor the ascertainment and payment which destroyed "Chinatown," was appropriated for this purpose. Government, to stay, if possible, An act was passed to provide of all claims caused by the fire Honolulu, in 1900, and $1,500,00 This fire was set by orders of the the spread of the bubonic plague, which threatened to decimate the poorer class of the population. In his report for the year ending June 30, 1901, Henry E. Cooper, acting Governor during the illness of Governor Dole, asked aid of the Federal Government for the authorization of the conversion of all Hawaiian silver coins amounting, as originally issued in 1883, to $1,000,000, into corresponding coins of the United States; to amend the Immigration laws so far as to allow the immigration of a limited number of Chinese laborers, upon condition that they engage in only agricultural pursuits during their residence in the Territory, and that upon ceasing to do so that they return to their own country; to authorize the services in Hawaii of an expert forester to report upon the condition of forests and upon the best methods of conserving and extending them; to authorize the granting of licenses to direct water from lands where it is valuless to arid sections that are otherwise adapted for agricultural purposes. He also asked that Congress authorize the retention by the Territory of a sufficient amount of the receipts of the custom house to pay all judgments awarded by the commission on fire claims. A spirit tolerant toward holidays is shown in Hawaii, and one would have to be extremely lazy not to be satisfied with the numerous days off furnished by the calendar. Those universally observed on the islands include January 1, New Year's Day; January 17, downfall of the monarchy: February 6, Chinese New Year; February 22, Washington's Birthday; Good Friday; May 30, Decoration Day: June 11, Kamehameha Day: June 14, Admission Day: July 4, American Independence Day: August 12, Flag Raising Anniversary; First Monday in September, Labor Day; third Saturday in September, Regatta Day; November 28, Recognition of Hawaiian Independence; last Thursday in November, Thanksgiving Day; December 25, Christmas Day. Queen Lilluokalani continues to press her claim against the United States for certain crown lands of which she says she was deprived when Hawaiian Independence was declared. She has made several trips to this country in the interests of these claims, the last in 1901 and in the Fall of 1902. Honduras. Capital: The coast of Honduras was discovered by the government. Guardiola, who was President at the time, thwarted the designs of these preachers, and granted an amnesty to all, not excluding the vicar, who was the chief promoter of the trouble. Guardiola, however, was assassinated shortly after, and was succeeded by Montes. President was to make a treaty of alliance with San Salvador against Guatemala and Nicaragua. His army was defeated at Santa Rosa in Guatemala, and one of his generals, Medina, joined the army of the enemy, One of the first acts of this new overthrew Montes and caused himself to be proclaimed President in 1863. He resigned the government in 1864, and was immediately re-elected, continuing in the Presidency until his deposition in 1872 by Don Celeo Arias. governed under a charter proclaimed in October, 1894, and the President, elected in 1899, is General TerenA treaty of peace and amity with Spain was signed March 15, 1866. elo Sierra. The legislative power is vested in a Congress of Deputies, elected at the ratio of one to every 10,000 inhabitants. The country is now Honduras has an area of about 46,250 square miles, and the population in 1900, exclusive of uncivilized Indians, was estimated at 587,500. sparse population of European-descended people, mainly Spaniards. The capital of the Republic is the The bulk of the inhabitants consists of aboriginal Indians and a ancient town of Tegucigalpa, situated nearly in the centre of the State. The Roman Catholic is the prevailing religion, but the Constitution guarantees freedom to all creeds, and the State does not contribute to the support of any. Instruction is free and compulsory and is entirely secular. The State supports 784 primary schools and 23 schools for higher instruction. there is a central university with faculties of medicine, science, law and political economy. expenditure for primary instruction is 138,000 silver dollars. Agriculture forms an important industry, and is gradually developing. At Tegucigalpa Atlantic coast and are shipped to the United States. Tobacco, sugar, maize and coffee are freely cultivated, The chief product is bananas, which are produced in large quantities on the The annual and small crops of indigo, rice and wheat are grown. farming on a small scale. and companies for agricultural and mining purposes, but labor is scarce. The Government offers facilities for the acquisition of land by private persons Cattle breeding is carried on extensively and dairy a common local industry. Honduras excells chiefly in her mineral resources, at present generally undeveloped for lack of capital. The plaiting of straw hats forms Gold, platinum, silver, copper, lead, zinc, antimony and nickel are found in almost every department. Deposits of brown and other coal have also been discovered. There are six principal mining basins under actual development in the Republic. Tegucigalpa, which were declared State property in 1899, are deserving of special mention. The ore deposits of Agalteca, in the northwestern part of the department of for the most part magnetic, contain up to 69 per cent of metallic iron and are very very pure, containing no phosphorus and only a very small quantity of sulphur, and are suited to the manufacture of steel of superior quality. These ores, Limestone in abundance is found near these deposits and water in sufficient quantity to furnish water power. The Government claims that the mining industry offers the best investment to foreign capital, and believes that if, during former years, certain mining companies have ceased to work, it is entirely due to their own bad management. are found in Erandique, and calcareous formations from limestone to marble are common, while petroleum Besides the working ores, opals equal in quality to those of Hungary and asphalt are found in some parts of the territory. the river sands amounts annually to about $200,000. The quantity of gold extracted by washings from Several excellent public roads have been constructed recently, and the capital is connected with the new port of San Lorenzo by a new macadamized highway. plished by means of mules and ox-carts. In general, travelling and transportation are accomthence to La Pimienta, a distance of sixty miles. A contract has been let for the construction of a railThere is a railway from Puerto Cortez to San Pedro Sula, and way from Trujillo to Omoa. use in the capital and several other towns. In March, 1902, a convention was ratified between Honduras In 1899 there were 2,730 miles of telegraph line, and the telephone is now in and France, providing for a reciprocal tariff scale. In July, 1902, the British Government finally and officially withdrew all claim to any sovereignty over the Bay Islands, and formally acknowledged that they belonged to Honduras. islands is almost entirely British, coming from Jamaica, and some Americans from the Western States. English is the only language spoken. When the proclamation was made, on July 17, that these people The population of these were no longer under the British Colonial Government, but must consider themselves as citizens of the Republic of Honduras, the greatest indignation was aroused. had deserted them, and from having the widest admiration for King Edward it is said that their respect changed to intense hatred. The people claimed that the British Government would not be disturbed in the enjoyment of their property nor their religious belief and worship interfered The Honduras Government issued a proclamation announcing that the people with. These islands were recognized originally as part of Honduras, but for years were no more than an abode for pirates. About sixty years ago people from Jamaica settled part of the country, and the Honduras Government sent a governor, who was expelled by the natives and sent back to the main island tied up in a sack. Having no navy, Honduras was unable to maintain its supremacy. The people established a government of their own, and later the British sent a gunboat and raised the British flag. Honduras has repeatedly protested against British occupation, and her claims have been recognized by the United States. Honduras has been the location of numberless schemes of colonization companies and like organizations. The Government itself has suffered many misfortunes of a financial nature from entering into projects for the rapid increase of her revenues. cate of New York capitalists. in order to get rid of a foreign debt of about $15,000,000. This debt was owed In 1897 she gave the management of her custom houses to a syndiin England, where bonds to that amount had been sold for the building of a railroad across Honduras. The railroad was started, under contract with agents, but was never completed, though the Honduras Government paid for five times more than was constructed. agreement to complete the road and make good the railroad bonds, everything went along swimmingly at When the syndicate was given control of the customs, under first, but friction soon developed between the Government and the syndicate, the latter finding that the revenues took a decided drop after it had assumed control of the revenue offices, and accused the Government of being half-hearted in its dealings with smugglers. nothing toward wiping out the bonds. The Government said that the syndicate was doing and work was stopped on the railroad. At the end of the first year the syndicate found itself losing money, duras from carrying out her part of the bargain, and in retaliation the syndicate threatened to present large The attempted union of Central American Republics prevented Honclaims against Honduras and to invoke the aid of the United States in settling them. the signing of a new contract and demands for new concessions, and the matter is still under consideration. Honduras is the home of the exiled Louisiana Lottery. This brought about The Ministers of State are: Minister of Foreign Affairs. Dr. C. Bonilla; Minister of Public Works. F. Altschul; Minister of Justice and Public Instruction, Dr. Juan A. Arias; Minister of Interior, Dr. C. Bonilla; Minister of Finances, D. Fortin; Minister of War, M. Rosales. Idaho. Capital: Idaho was created a territory by an act of Congress March 3, 1863, from portions of Dakota, Nebraska and Washington, and its area then embraced the present State of Montana and nearly all of Wyoming. It was part of the original Louisiana purchase and was included first in Oregon and later in Washington. The permanent settlement of the territory did not begin until the discovery of gold in 1860. It was admitted to Statehood July 3, 1890. The area is 84.290 square miles, and the estimated population in 1901 was 169,000. Mining and agriculture are the principal industries of the State, and the manufacturing interests are dependent upon the forests, mines and farms, and are incidental to these. Flour and grist mill products, car construction and repair are of chief importance: The principal industry is the manufacture of lumber and timber products. There are 7,000,000 acres of timber land in the State which has just begun to be worked. The mountains of Idaho are well supplied with gold, silver, lead and copper. More than one-fifth of the lead product of the United States in 1899 was taken from the mines of this State, while in the production of silver, Idaho ranked fourth. The Idaho Legislature of 1901 enacted a law similar to those passed in Illinois and Missouri, providing for the creation of a Labor Commission to act as a State Board of Arbitration. The Board was to consist of two persons, one of whom should and should himself have been an while the other should have been an time. The two Commissioners were Whenever a strike occurred af Commissioners were directed to and if the offer was accepted both of the board. The court to hear Commissioners and the Judge of the strike occurred. In case the vices of the board it was empow port to the Governor. Strikes in than twenty-five persons were also board. A constitutional amendment was mitted to the electors, providing power to pass special laws for the factories, smelters, mines and ore A law regulating employment bu of such a bureau should deposit and misrepresentation. A bill in duty was passed, but vetoed by the women were allowed to vote they A bill that failed of passage on application of the proper county the State where there was rioting. call the Legislature into special and that his proclamation of mar more than thirty days. Gov. John T. Morrison. be identified with labor interests employe for at least six years, employer for the same length of to be of opposite political parties. fecting at least fifty persons the offer their services as arbitrators, parties should abide by the decision the cases should consist of the the County Court in whose district parties refused to accept the serered to make investigations and revolving less than fifty and more placed under the jurisdiction of the voted by the Legislature, to be subthat the Legislature might have health and safety of employes in reduction works. reaus provided that every manager $5,000 as a security against fraud tending to relieve women of jury Governor on the grounds that as should do court duty. provided that the Governor might, officers, send militia to any part of and that he should immediately session to adjust the difficulties, tial law should not be effective for created to assist and advise munici A State Library Commission was palities in the establishment or improvement of pubiic libraries, and the Common Council of every city and town was empowered to establish and maintain a public library and reading room and to levy annually a tax not exceeding one mill on a dollar. Congress was petitioned not to adopt any policy that would lead to the leasing of public lands for grazing purposes, as much of the irrigation water of the State flowed through public domains. It was also applied to not to give assent to the Grout Oleomargarine bill, it being claimed that the passage of this bill would affect the stock raising interests of the State. The Democratic State Convention met September 5, 1902, and adopted a platform indorsing the Kansas City platform and William Jennings Bryan. The Republicans at their convention, August 22, indorsed President Roosevelt, condemned trusts and indorsed protective tariff with a reservation. Tllinois. Capital: Illinois was first settled by the French as a consequence of the enterprises of Marquette in 1673. As the colonies extended disputes aróse between the French and English which ultimately resulted in the war that ended with the capture of Quebec and terminated French dominion over any part of the country east of the Mississippi. In 1809. after Indiana, Ohio and Michigan had been set off, Illinois territory included what are now the States of Illinois, Wisconsin and part of Minnesota. The area of Illinois is 56,650 square miles, and in 1901 the estimated population was 4,930,000. Chicago is the second city in the United States, and had in 1900 & population of 1,698,575. There is no Sate debt. According to the census of 1900 Illinois ranked as the third manufacturing State in the United States, the per cent of industrial wage earners being 8.2 per cent of the total population. Its rank as a manufacturing State is due chiefly to its proximity to abundant coal and iron supplies and to transportation facilities, which make it the natural distributing point to the West and South. In 1900 Illinois had more railroad mileage than any other State in the country, the total number of miles being 10,997. Lake Michigan and the Mississippi River offer ready means of communication. Slaughtering and meat packing are the most important industries, and in 1900 these products were valued at $287,922,277. Chicago is the great live stock market for the West and Northwest, and industries dependent upon animals have been greatly stimulated by inventions which make possible the utilization of all by-products. The The manufacture of foundry and machine shop products ranks second in importance in the State. abundance of cheap iron afforded by the mines in the Lake Superior region has tended to increase the iron and steel output. The manufacture of liquors ranks third, and the city of Peoria has become the largest producer of whiskeys and high wines in the United States. The output of agricultural machines has followed the development of agriculture, and Illinois manufactories furnish machines to a greater part of the West. A considerable portion of the time of the State Legislature in 1901 was devoted to redistricting the state as regards Congressional and State Senatorial representation. As the law was finally passed, eighteen of the twenty-dve Congressional make certain, it was believed, a times. Seven Republican districts cago). leaving but three to the Senatorial districts, thirty-six were The main contention in the Leg should be given Cook County repre stitutional amendment limiting Cook lature to one-third of the entire Senate, but failed to pass the The Legislature appropriated able building & the St. Louis Ez committee of fifteen to have charge Lundred and fifty thousand dollars maintenance of the Illinois and A labor act provided that no per be employed for more than sixty ments subject to factory inspection, ployed, were directed to provide permit them to be used when the at their duties. The State Board of Arbitration tigations of facts in the case of cause the public to suffer injury or lights, food or fuel, communication party will consent to submit the Board may proceed to make inves mon witnesses and hear testimony, with such recommendations to the will contribute to a fair and equit Gov. Richard Yates. districts were distributed so as to son under the age of sixteen should was empowered to make invesstrikes or lockouts which might inconvenience with respect to or transportation. When neither dispute to the State Board the tigations on its own order, to sumand shall make its finding public, parties involved as in its judgment able settlement of the difficulties. Laws were passed making bequests to religious, charitable and educational purposes exempt from the Inheritance tax. An act giving the State Auditor supervision over the accounts and bookkkeeping of the State and every political subdivision of it, and instructing the Governor to establish a uniform system of public accounting, was vetoed by the Governor on the grounds of unconstitutionality. In 1901 the Illinois State University received an appropriation of $912,000 from the Legislature, and two private bequests of $25,000 each. Within the last two years Chicago University has been given a sum of money apparently suffcient to support several colleges for several years. In December, 1901, a gift of $1,250,000 was received from John D. Rockefellar, and in June, 1902, a further gift of $750.000 was announced from the same source. Since 1890 the institution has received $11,000,000 in gifts from Mr. Rockefeller alone. By a vote of the trustees, taken in June, 1902, co-education was abolished at the University, and "segregation," providing separate recitation rooms for the women students, was adopted. There was much discussion on the matter, and for a time charges were made against President Harper by some of the members of the Alumnae Association, that he had purposely changed the result of the vote when he counted the ballots. The Democratic State Convention, which met June 17. 1902. limited its platform to all "fundamental principles of the Democratic party as laid down in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States affirmed at the last National Convention." In the Republican State platform, adopted May S. the party "condemns all conspiracies and combinations to restrict business, create monopolies, limit production or control prices." The history of the meat packing industry in Illinois is interesting, showing as it does, how Chicago was almost forced to become the meat packing centre of the United States. The packing of meats was begun there in 1836, before the city was incorporated, cattle and hogs being brought in on the hoof. The pioneer establishment was located very near the mouth of the Chicago River, in what is now the heart of the city. Attention was early concentrated on the by-products, and now nearly the entire animal is utilized. The flesh is sold as meat. The blood is dried and used for clarifying purposes, the hoofs are turned into neatsfoot oll, the parings of the hoofs, bones and hides are converted into glue, the finest of the fats are made into butterine, lard, oils, and the finest tallow; the cruder fats are made into soap grease; the hides are marketed for the manufacture of leather; the horns are sold to combmakers; the larger bones are used for making knife handles and for other purposes; the switches and tail ends are sold to hair mattress makers. and the short hair, which cannot be dried and curled, is sold to felt works. According to the census, there were, in 1900, in the 61 establishments reported. 27.861 employes, or a little more than 7 per cent of the workers of the State, and the total value of the products was $287,922,277, or 22.9 per cent of the value of the total products of the Stae. Indiana. Capital: INDIANAPOLIS. Indiana was organized as a Territory July 4, 1800, and was admitted as a State, December 11, 1816. It originally constituted a part of New France and subsequently of the Northwest Territory. In 1702 a party of French Canadians descended the Wabash and established settlements, meeting with but small opposition from the Indians. Little is known of these settlements prior to 1763, when the territory was ceded to Great Britain. In 1788 an Indian war broke out, causing great distress at Vincennes, and it was not until 1791, after the Battle of Tippecanoe, that the hostile tribes were finally subdued. On May 7. 1800. Ohio was erected into a separate Territory, leaving all the country to the north and west to be included in Indiana. In 1805 Michigan was set off, and in 1809 Illinois, leaving Indiana with its present boundaries. The Indiana has an area of 36,350 square miles and in 1901 its estimated population was 2,552,000. chief industries of the State are manufacturing and mechanical, though agriculture forms a large part of the general wealth. The growth of manufacturing in Indiana has been fargely dependent upon the extension of railways, for the State has but few navigable waterways, none of which extend either to large sources of supply or to important markets. The discovery of natural gas greatly stimulated manufacturing by the abundance of cheap fuel, readily transported, that it affords. In 1899 Indiana produced more natural gas than any other State in the Union, and in the production of petroleum it ranked fourth, and in coal, sixth. The leading industry of the State is that of meat packing, the products being valued in 1900 at $43,862,273. The manufacture of flour and grist mill products ranks second in importance and the manufacture of liquors follows next. Lumber and timber products have a large part in the industries of the State and there are still extensive tracts of hard wood uncut, but a greater part of the supply comes from Tennessee and Kentucky. The typical wood products of the State are high grade wagons, carriages, furniture and agricultural machines. |