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as have been heretofore finally convicted of the crimes of murder, rape, arson, or robbery by any military or civil tribunal organized under the authority of Spain or of the United States of America, but for which special application may be made to the proper authority for pardon by any person belonging to the exempted classes, and such clemency as is consistent with humanity and justice will be liberally extended; and further,

Provided, that this amnesty and pardon shall not affect the title or right of the Government of the United States or that of the Philippine Islands to any property or property rights heret fore used or appropriated by the military or civil authorities of the Government of the United States or that of the Philippine Islands organized under authority of the United States by way of confiscation or otherwise; and,

Provided further, that every person who shall seek to avail himself of this proclamation shall take and subscribe the following oath before any authority in the Philippine archipelago authorized to adminster oaths, namely: "I, --, solemnly swear (or affirm) that I recognize and accept the supreme authority of the United States of America in the Philippine Islands and will maintain true faith and allegiance thereto, that I impose upon myself this obligation voluntarily without mental reservation or purpose of evasion, so help me God."

Given under my hand at the city of Washington, this fourth day of July, in the year of our Lord, one thousand nine hundred and two, and in the one hundred and twenty-seventh year of Independence of the United States. THEODORE ROOSEVELT,

By the President; Elihu Root, Secretary of War.

COST OF THE WAR.

The war, closed with this mark of clemency extended by the head of the nation to the insurgent wards, taken from under the despotism of Spain, cost much in life and treasure. The number of American troops sent to the Philippines was 4,135 officers and 123,803 men. The deaths among officers numbered 139, and among men, 4,016. Officers killed or dying of wounds, 69; men, 936. There were 190 officers and 2,707 men wounded, and the totals of those killed, wounded or dying from other causes than disease are: Officers, 282; men, 4,470.

The total money cost of the war, from the insurgent attack on Manila, February 4, 1899, to the time of the proclamation of peace, was, in round figures, $170,000,000.

THE PHILIPPINES IN 1902.

The chief products of the Philippines are hemp, sugar, coffee, copra, tobacco leaf, cigars and indigo. The land is farmed out to the natives, and the cultivation of sugar and tobacco is almost wholly in the hands of Germans, Spaniards and Englishmen. The agricultural implements employed by the natives are of the crudest type, and artificial fertilization is unnecessary, as the soil is so fertile and rain so plentiful that in many sections two crops are raised in a year. A Bureau of Agriculture was established in October, 1901, and is now conducting investigations as to the best methods of cultivating the various crops indigenous to the islands and in disseminating information regarding them. The extent of the mining resources is unknown, though it is certain that there are widely distributed deposits of gold, copper and coal, together with smaller deposits of iron, lead, sulphur, granite, marble and petroleum. Rich gold fields in the mountains of Luzon have been recently reported. There are about 50,000,000 acres of forests in the Philippines, and most of these contain excellent hardwood timber. Their value has been placed at $500,000,000. In October, 1901, it was announced that the Philippine Commission had authorized an extension of coastwise trade so that shipowners of any nationality might engage in it. Heretofore this trade has been a monopoly in the hand of the Spaniards, but by the new order a large number of German, English, Chinese and Japanese traders took advantage of the opportunity. Trade conditions are affected by the difficulty of procuring laborers, and it has been suggested by members of the Commission that the strict exclusion laws of the United States be modified to fit conditions in the archipelago.

According to the report of the Bureau of Insular Affairs of the War Department, issued December, 1901, the imports into the islands rose from a little more than $79,000,000 in 1899, to more than $30,000,000 in 1901. During the same period custom duties on merchandise rose from $4,411,680 to $8.164,466. The twelve principal articles, in the order of their importance, exported from the United States into the islands in 1901, were malt liquors, wheat flour, iron and steel and their finished forms, paper in its different forms, distilled spirits, glassware, cars, carriages and bicycles, oils, cotton goods, woods and its manufactures, leather and its manufactures, and watches and clocks. Of the exports. Europe received 57 per cent, Asia, 22 per cent, North America, 19 per cent. The export of hemp to the United States showed an increase of over a million dollars between 1899 and 1901.

At the time of the American occupation, of the eight millions of people in the Philippines six millions are of the Roman Catholic religion, 300,000 Mohammedans, and the balance heathens and Asiatics. Since American occupation, however, there has been a rapid growth of other forms of faith, and in May, 1902, the

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Protestant Episcopal Bishop of the Philippines, Rev. Dr. Brent, announced that $100,000 had been donated for the erection and establishment of a cathedral at Manila. The Episcopal Board of Missions already owns land upon which a cathedral may be built, and a large endowment fund has also been raised. On October 27 the Catholic Church of the Philippines was inaugurated by dissenters from the Roman Church. A Bishop was installed and fourteen junior bishops and a large

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lay council instituted. The movement is hardly considered serious, though Aguinaldo has been named as lay official of the Church, and is said to have expressed his approval of the movement. The Philippine Commission has devoted considerable attention to the four monastic orders in the islands, the members of which are colloquially known as friars. The natives of the islands have shown much hatred of these orders, and the work of the Commission was instituted with the view of arriving at some solution of the problem these friars offered. Governor Taft visited Rome for that purpose and it has been practically settled that the United States will purchase the lands owned by the orders, and that objectionable friars will be withdrawn.

Education has made rapid advance since American occupation. Throughout the islands schools, with American teachers, have been established and about 2,000 native teachers have been employed. There is a training school for teachers, recently es tablished in Manila. Charges made in the United States that the schools are being used to the prejudice of Catholicism are denied in the repost of Frank H. Bowen, acting Superintendent of Public Instruction in the Philippines. The only departure from absolute non-sectarianism is the permission given ministers or priests of any established church to teach religion for not more than one and a half hours a week to those school children whose parents express a desire for such instruction. The authorities of the Philippine Church have been urged by members of their own denomination to send a number of young priests to America to study educational methods in this country. In June, 1902, four school teachers from America were attacked from ambush by a party of Filipinos, near Cebu, and killed. Their bodies were discovered July 24 by native police, who killed the leader of the band of murderers and captured eight other alleged participants in the crime.

Early in 1902 cholera broke out in Manila and neighboring towns, proving particularly fatal to the natives, but affecting the Americans but slightly. A letter from Governor Taft, dated October 4, to the War Department, said that the material conditions of the country were alarmingly depressive. Cholera had destroyed thousands of lives and prevented the natives from working, with the result that but little food had been raised, and what wheat crops had been planted were destroyed by locusts. The rinderpest had reached the cattle and thousands have been killed during the year. The Chief of the Bureau of Insular Affairs was directed to purchase large supplies of wheat and flour to be distributed among the Filipinos, not to be included in the $2,000,000 food purchase of the Philippine Commission and the distribution of rice by the civil Governors.

General James Smith, formerly a leading lawyer of San Francisco, has been appointed a member of the Philippine Commission, to succeed Bernard Moses, who retires January 1, 1903. General Smith has been Collector of Customs for the islands and has shown marked administrative ability. He accompanied Governor Taft to Rome in the matter of the friar lands. In October, Professor Jeremiah Jenks, of Cornell University, who had visited English and Dutch insular possessions at the instance of the Bureau of Insular Affairs, made public his report. He recommends that employers be permit ted to introduce Chinese laborer in the Philippines under contract for a period of not more than three years, and suggests that the employers be required to give bonds for the proper care of the Chinese. Nowhere in the dependencies of France, Great Britain or Holland, he says, has there been granted so great a measure of self-government as the United States has already given the Philippines.

Under the date of September 30, 1902, the War Department issued a valuable book on the Philippines "A pronouncing gazetteer and geographical dictionary of the Philippine Islands." It contains maps, charts and illustrations, and the complete law of civil government in the Philippines as passed by Congress and approved by the President, July 1, 1902. The introduction tells the scope of the work.

Aguinaldo as Commander-in-Chief.

"The great number of inquiries addressed to the War Department from all parts of the United States calling for information regarding the Philippine Islands has indicated that a printed compendium of such information would be practically useful to the American people." A feature of the book is the spelling and pronunciation of local geographic names. The value of letters affected by symbols of sounds is phonetically explained, as also the etymology of words

whose origin, whether foreign, Spanish, Tagalog or native, is indicated. Beside giving general encyclopedic articles on the islands, there are special articles on each province and town, giving population and important features of the places. A brief description of the city of Manila, as interest: "The city of Manila is sit River, the outlet of the great Lagu Manila Bay and 32 miles from its spelling Manila was 'Maynila,' shrub which grew on the site of Miguel Lopez de Legaspi in 1571.

a

"The city possesses modern fa East. The streets are wide and as to have one side always in the squares, gardens and promenades. century, due to the beneficence of a most every street was furnished supply, which remained in use until

The population of Manila is sentatives of European nationali among the foreigners, and Filipinos, dians, Chinese, Malays and a few ipelago, Japan and India. The city ernment. but the centre of foreign financial and professional activity also the focus of the highest type of the people of the archipelago.

"The church at Manila was the in Malaysia, dedicated in 1571 as Apostle."

The buildings for military, other public purposes are commo no inconsiderable claims to archi divides Manila in two parts, that military defences and on the north

Gov. William H. Taft.

given in the Gazetteer, may be of uated at the mouth of the Pasig na de Bay, on the east shore of entrance. The aboriginal form of Tagal word, meaning a species of the city when founded by Captain cilities not excelled in the Far were so arranged by the founder shade. There are fine plazas, public About the middle of the eighteenth public-spirited private citizen, alwith its own standpipe for water 1880.

made up of Americans and repreties, Spaniards predominating principally Tagalogs, Mestizos, Infrom the South Islands of the archis not only the seat of insular govand domestic commerce, mercantile, and mechanical industry. It is of the social and intellectual life second place of Christian worship 'Conversion of St. Paul, the civil. religious. educational and dious and in some instances possess tectural style. The River Pasig on the south being occupied by the by the commercial, mercantile,

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manufacturing and residential quarters and suburbs. Two parallel dikes for breakwaters define the entrance of the Pasig River from Maniola Bay.

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Photography:
A
Modern Art.

Chronophotograph of a White Duck in Flight.

No art or science has ever attained to such importance in the world as the art of Photography. It has its votaries in every civilized country, and in all the channels of trade or travel the camera is a familiar object. The outcome of this still growing interest has been decisive and important. Art, letters, education and commerce have been in a degree advanced by it.

For the last half century, photography, electricity and steam have been making wonderful progress in the development of the human race. Electricity has abolished time and binds the ends of the earth together. Steam is the great economizer of human effort and energy; a power that is more or less in evidence in every step of progress in civilized humanity. Photography, at

GEORGE

G.
ROCKWOOD.

first dealing with the emotional or aesthetic element in our nature, truthfully recording the beautiful, has now become one of the most practical of the arts. Its many applications in practical things are amusing to the layman or such persons as have given it only a passive thought.

In coupling electricity with photography, I bring to mind a fact that may not be generally recalled, which is that Professor S. F. B. Morse, who gave to the world the electric telegraph, was also the first to bring to America the silver image, as he was the personal friend of Daguerre. Morse was at that time (1839) in Paris, exhibiting his telegraph. Brother artists and inventors, each was invited to examine the other's inventions. Morse was a portrait painter as well as an inventor, and was enthusiastic as to the future of the new invention and earnest in his desire to introduce the daguerreotype into America. He returned in the Winter of 1839-40. Daguerre made his first image on the sensatised plate in 1832. There is here a coincidence of dates of natural interest to the present writer, who has given his life to the art which was conceived the year he was born.

The first decade of the art was devoted, so to speak, to aesthetic or sentimental uses. We then looked for nothing more important than portraits of those we held in esteem or fond remembrance. To describe the steps from that point to photography on glass and paper, and finally to the processes of photo-engraving, though interesting, would require a volume. At the opening of the twentieth century we find the art not only used enormously for portrait use, but as almost the universal means of illustration in books, magazines and newspapers. It is easy within my remembrance when one of the great publishing houses of New York employed not less than forty or fifty artists and engravers to prepare illustrations from two to six weeks in advance for their periodicals. In that establishment to-day I question whether there is one engraver on the staff, and in this change quality has not been lost. Added to superior artistic results is the inestimable value of fidelity, both to the work of the artist or the presentation of nature. No such pictures or illustrations were ever known in books, periodicals or newspapers as now greet us, and all done by photography; and here we couple electricity with our art.

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But a small portion of the work on illustrated papers are made in daylight; the electric light has taken the place of the God of Day, and the work goes on regardless of time or weather. The glare of light in the upper stories of the great newspaper buildings tells the story to the initiated that photography aided by the fierce light of the carbon pencil is doing its perfect work. By a device of the writer, I have been able to place a sitter under the light of my studio and in seventeen (17) minutes had a positive picture ready for the half-tone process operator, who in a half hour or less would have the printing plate ready for the press. It is no unusual thing to see the scene of a banquet or other gathering reproduced in our morning paper. The scene is first instantaneously photographed by flash light (by the burning of magnesium in powler), and then by what are now familiar processes transferred to the printing plate. The use of photography by the press and in book making is possibly the most important branch of the art to-day.

A noted English publisher, learning that one of his books had been republished in America, announced with great positiveness that the American edition was full of errors, believing very naturally that it would be impossible to put into type large volumes without some typographical errors. His contention was that it would require experts of as much skill and experience in the realms of science and literature to read the proofs accurately as to write the original articles. So he was much confused when informed that the entire volume, page for page, had been photo-engraved, with not a touch of an engraver or a type lifted. Until a comparatively recent period, photography has failed almost entirely to interpret the colors of nature or art, or to give the proper monochromatic value to them. For instance, yellow and red and all of their combinations would photograph dark, while blue, violet and their shades would develop white. Of late, however, we have what is known as ortho-chromatic or color sensitive plate, which translate the colors in their proper values as between white and black, or, technically, the mono-chromatic scale of colors. Naturally follows the question, Do we expect to reproduce the natural colors? The problem is not yet solved, yet we see announcements and discussions almost every week concerning the discovery at last of "Photographs in the Colors of Nature." This leads the non-expert or layman to believe that the colors of nature are recorded in one operation and the direct image so received is visible to the eye. This is an error. We are not within gunshot of it; no nearer than in the early days of the daguerreotype.

The President's Favorite Photograph.
(Copyright by Rockwood.)

TYPES OF MODERN PORTRAITURE.

Of late stellar photography has been making wonderful progress. A serious attempt is now being made to secure a complete map of the midnight sky, and there is no doubt of its accomplishment, so far as the sky can be seen from the continents of the globe. At various points of the earth there are observatories where skilled experts are engaged with telescopes especially adapted to the purpose of making photographic negatives of the stellar universe. Millions of stars not before known to exist have been recorded on the delicate sensitive plates.

Announcement is made in some of the foreign journals that miscroscopic maps are proposed for war purposes. This was done as long ago as the War of the Rebellion. I then made some experiments in that line for Major Meigs, of the Engineer Corps. Some maps were made by me and were awaiting the examination of Major Meigs, when the latter was shot and killed. Some successful balloon photographs have recently been made, which in actual warfare in South Africa seem to be of the greatest use.

As legal evidence photography is growing in constant favor and use. Many times experts have been called to photograph localities where accidents have happened. Some time ago a question of responsibility was settled in court concerning two steamboats which had been in collision. One boat, which had received the blow of the other, had been at once repaired by the owner, but not until a series of photographs had been made. unknown to the owner. At the trial some pretty tall swearing took place, when, to the surprise of the witnesses they were put face to face with the art that cannot lie-photography-and the case went against them.

One would naturally ask, "Can the camera see better than the human eye?" In many ways photography has the best of it. In fine distinctness of color the sensitive film will often determine questions where the human expert fails. In old faded manuscripts, in which many letters and words are not legible from the close approximation of the color of the paper to the faded ink, the photograph will often define the characters and unravel the mystery of time and bad chirography. Many other important legal cases have of late years been decided by this means.

The secrets of the microscope as revealed and recorded by photography are truly wonderful. Many facts in nature and science have been demonstrated which could have been accomplished in no other manner.

Ex

perts have secured negatives and excellent photographs of what are known to exist, but which few can resolve by the microscope, to wit, the invisible or white blood corpuscles.

Almost every large manufacturer has a photographic department, where are copied all plans, models and specifications and a complete record made of them. Very recently a camera was introduced into one of the largest life insurance companies, and now all important letters, documents, etc., are duplicated in permanent photography in order to guard against loss or fading of the original manuscripts.

The very first move by Mr. John B. McDonald and his sub-contractors in the tunnel was to have the sites of the intended excavations photographed and recorded as indisputable evidence of the original condition of the places.

Practically every executive department in Washington has its official photographer, whose work consists of the preparation of illustrations for Government publications, the recording of phases of botanical and zoological life, the physical characteristics of various regions, etc. Fortifications, ordnance, uniforms and so on are faithfully reproduced by the photographic division of the War Department, and the negatives and prints are filed for future reference. Vessels under construction or being repaired, marinè apparatus, armament, uniforms and coast topography are reproduced by the photographer of the Navy Department. A new and important development of the application of photography is in the perpetuation of the Government records. It will consist of the preparation of greatly reduced negatives of the tons of State papers, which now encumber the Government files. In many instances ten or a dozen of these papers can be photographed on a single negative. A comprehensive index will be kept, and a print of the required document, of any desired size, can be made at any time. In this way negatives which will occupy cubic inches can be made of papers which occupy cubic yards, and only in the rarest instances will it be necessary to refer to the originals.

My space is too limited to do more than mention a few of the many applications of photography to the arts. To sum up, it is used in portraiture, architecture, illustration, reproduction, criminology, astronomy, decoration, relief work, records, glass staining, pathology and other ways in a larger degree in exact science and the useful arts than in its aesthetic application. It has created a new and mighty industry, which will continually extend, as new fields and applications are constantly opening. It has lessened the cost of books marvellously and thus become a great educator. It has created what might properly be called a mighty kindergarten system of object lessons. By it our children håve been made as familiar with scenes of interest in all parts of the world as old travellers. It brings to them and ns noted people, objects of historic and artistic value and record of events. School children will identify a view of the Coliseum of Rome as promptly as one taken of the Aquarium at the Battery. Thus it is a great educator, and I can close as I began, by describing it as one of the great trinity of forces in the present era-electricity, steam and photography.

Porto Rico.

Capital:
SAN JUAN.

Porto Rico, the smallest of the Greater Antilles, was discovered by Columbus in 1493, and invaded in 1509 by the Spaniards under Ponce de Leon, who, in a few years, exterminated the natives, some 600,000 or 800,000 in number, and established Spanish settlements, more or less permanent. It remained under the dominion of Spain until December 11, 1898, when it was ceded to the United States by the treaty which ended the Spanish-American War. It now constitutes a body politic under the sovereignty of the United States, called The People of Porto Rico.

Porto Rico, like all the islands of the West Indies, is built upon a foundation of central mountains, which tower to a height of several thousand feet and render the atmosphere cool and comfortable the year around. The summits of some of the mountains reach almost to the snow line and are covered from base to peak with a deep, rich soil, devoid of rocks and suitable for cultivation of products of both the tropic and temperate zones. There is scarcely an acre of ground on the island that is not suitable for cultivation, and the population could be safely doubled or trebled without causing danger of famine.

The present Governor of Porto Rico who was appointed by the President Massachusetts, resigned. The ap

1901.

The government of Porto Rico is administered by a Governor and Cabinet appointed by the President of the United States. The members of the Cabinet, together with five other persons, constitute an executive council of eleven members, of whom at least five must be natives, and this executive council constitutes the upper board of the Porto Rican Legislature. The House of Delegates. or lower legislative house, consists of thirty-five members, elected, five each, from the seven districts of the island. The executive council, may, as a co-ordinate branch of the Legislature, refuse to accept acts passed by the lower house. The Governor has the usual power of veto over the acts of both bodies, and the Congress of the United States retains absolute power of veto over all acts of both the legislative and executive branches of the insular government. The franchise is restricted by a small property qualification and an easy educational test. The island has an area of about 3,600 square miles and an estimated population of about 970,000, of which the negroes number about 70,000 and mulattoes about 240,000. By the last census, San Juan, the capital and principal city, had a population of 32,048; Ponce, 27,952, and Mayaguez, 15,187. is William H. Hunt, of Montana, to succeed Charles H. Allen, of pointment took effect September 1, Agriculture is practically the the total population of the island, per cent were returned as living in these depend upon agriculture for a are the principal products, though quantities for export as well as for has increased largely since the re kets afforded by the United States the island. The crop for 1901-1902 coffee plantations have not yet en of 1899, though in 1901 especial crop. the severe storms of that year The total crop for 1901 was be greater part of the crop is marketed is better liked than it is in the tobacco crop is now marketed un though prices have been low for the citizens of the United States have vegetable plantations.

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only industry in Porto Rico. Of as given by the census of 1899. 78.6 the rural districts, and nearly all of living. Sugar, coffee and tobacco fruits and vegetables are raised in home consumption. The sugar crop port for 1898-1899, due to the marand the more peaceful conditions in was estimated at 100,000 tons. The tirely recovered from the hurricane efforts were made to get out a large preventing the efforts being fruitful. tween 60,000 and 70,000 bags. The in Europe, where Porto Rican coffee United States. A great deal of the manufactured, in the United States. last two years. In several places started orange tree, pineapple and

culty in developing the agricultural ing the well being of the people is need of anything more than they insular coin for that of the United ers and those on the coffee planta in gold per day, and with the betincrease of invested capital, it is proved. Hitherto, moreover, the

It seems that the great diffi conditions of the island and further that the laborers are not in absolute have. With the recent exchange of States, the wages of the field labor tions bave been raised to 50 cents tered methods of cultivation and hoped that conditions will be im staple crops of the island have not been capable of paying more than the smallest wages, and there has been no opportunity for the laborer to better his conditions. There are salt works on the island, yielding about 10,000,000 pounds annually, and these pay fair wages to their workmen.

Gov. William H. Hunt.

For the year 1901 the Commissioner of Education for Porto Rico reported that the average daily attendance in the elementary schools was 23,435, out of a total population of school age numbering 322,393.

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