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In the late Summer and Fall of 1902 a revolution was in progress in the upper part of Siam, in the protectorate of Laos, about 500 miles from Bangkok. The country of Laos has been under the protectorate of Siam for about seven or eight years, and the native officials were replaced by Siamese, who also took charge of the garnet and ameythyst mines, the principal industry of the province. These mines were worked by Shans, a sect of people living between Upper Burmah and the Salwen River. When the mines were closed by order of the Siamese Government early in 1902, the Shans were thrown out of work, and small insurrections were started by agitators among them. An arrest of some of these agitators brought about open revo!ution, the Government soldiers, few in number, were fired upon and the village of Muang Pea taken. The native Laos Governor was captured and made to swear allegiance to the secret order of which the Shans form a part. At Lakwan the rebels were repulsed and finally captured by a force sent from the frontier. The leaders were executed and most of the rebels banished. The revolution caused consternation among the foreign residents of Laos, consisting of missionaries and a few traders, and they fled to the British Consulate at Chieng Mai. The Governor of Lakwan was implicated in the trouble and was brought before the Siamese courts for trial.

The chief product of the country is rice, there being 26 large mills in Bangkok. The cutting of teak is an important industry. The mineral resources of Siam are extensive and varied, including principally gold, tin, coal and iron. In some places diamonds have also been found. The imports in 1900 amounted to $12,882,700, and the exports to $15,438,395.

In 1900 454 vessels of 380,477 tons entered, and 450 of 378,073 tons cleared. The country has about 250 miles of steam railway, and there is an electric road of 6 miles in length in Bangkok. There are telegraph lines of 2,900 miles now in operation, and a postal service in Bangkok, while in 1885 Siam Joined the International Postal Union.

The King is anxious to induce investment of capital from this country to develop agricultural and manufacturing interests, and there are said to be favorable openings for its use in many directions.

The King's palace is one of the most remarkable buildings in the world. It is inclosed in dazzling white walls over a mile in circumference. Within these walls are temples, public offices, seraglios, stable for the sacred elephant, accommodation for 1,000 troops, cavalry, war elephants and an arsenal. is also a very fine theatre, where English, French and German companies frequently perform before the royal household. The King is extremely fond of theatricals.

There

During the Fall of 1902 the Prince of Siam visited this country, with the institutions of which he professed himself much pleased. He has spent nine years in England. He has long desired to visit this

The King of Slam is soon to come here as the guest of the nation. country, and his Council has authorized the expenditure of about $600,000 for the purpose. He will be the first reigning sovereign to visit us as our guest.

Socialism in America.

No word has been more abused and misunder-
stood than the word "Socialist." The Socialist
is not an Anarchist; they are opposed in theory
and practice. The Socialist does not propose
to destroy the family, abolish religion,
"divide up" property. Nor does he seek to
carry out his ideas by riot and bloodshed.

or

The Socialist maintains that, with the present high development of machinery, the pri vate ownership of the means of production involves the division of society into a possessing and non-producing capitalist class and a producing and non-possessing class of wage-workers, whose interests are opposed; and that the competitive system of industry naturally leads to monopoly, the contrasts of extreme wealth and poverty, class rule and class strife.

ALGERNON LEE,

Editor of
The Worker.

The Socialist appeals to the working class to unite and use their political power to remove these evils by doing away with their cause-private ownership in the means of production.

In a single phrase, Socialism means public ownership of the means of production and working-class control of the government; a chance to work for all who will, and to all workers the full value of their product.

No adequate statement of the Socialist position can, of course, be given within the necessary limits of such an article as this. But readers who desire further information can easily obtain it, for there are in the United States more than a score of weekly papers and several monthly magazines devoted exclusively to explaining and advocating Socialist principles, besides a large number of labor and other papers in sympathy with the movement; the works of Bax, Bellamy, Deville, Engels, Ferri, Gronlund, Hyndman, Kautsky, Marx, Morris, Simons, Vail and many other Socialist writers may be found in any good public library; and Socialist speakers are to be heard in every considerable city or town in the land.

Whatever may be thought of the truth or fallacy of the theories advanced by the Socialists or of the wisdom or folly of their propositions, all thoughtful men agree that it can no longer be ignored.

Until recently Socialism was commonly regarded as a thing of foreign birth and nature. It is true that the movement first took definite form in Germany, and that there it has still its greatest strength. But it has sprung up and grown also in France, in England, in Italy, in every country of Europe, in the United States, and even in Japan. Socialism is international. It arises wherever modern industry takes root. The first national campaign of the Socialists in this country was in 1888. They polled only 2,068 votes. Not discouraged in the least, they redoubled their activity, and in the congressional elections of 1890 increased their vote to 13,331. In 1892 the vote rose to 21,157; in 1894, to 33,133; in 1896, to 36,564; and in 1898 to 91,749.

At this point there came a division in the Socialist ranks. One faction, impatient of what they thought the excessive conservatism of the trade unions, inaugurated a systematic attack on these organizations, with the object of destroying them and thus "clearing the ground" for unions on new lines. This faction keeps the old name of Socialist Labor Party.

The other branch of the movement is known nationally as the Socialist party, and in the State of New York as the Social Democratic party. This body, while holding itself free to criticise the trade unions, maintains fraternal relations with them, supports them in their battles, and seeks to influence them by methods of discussion and education.

In the national election of 1900 the anti-union Socialist Labor party polled 34,191 votes. The Socialist (or Social Democrat) party, with Eugene V. Debs and Job Harriman as its candidates, had 96,918.

The State and congressional elections of 1902 give the Socialist party about a quarter of a million votes. They have three members in the Massachusetts Legislature and Aldermen or other officers in a large number of cities and towns in Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin and Iowa. It is the fixed policy of the Socialists to avoid "entangling alliances,' never fusing or compromising in order to gain votes. This policy accounts for the slow but steady and solid growth of the party in the United States as well as in other countries.

The Socialists believe that all the forces of industrial evolution are working together toward the downfall of capitalism and the establishment of the co-operative commonwealth. They are satisfied, therefore, with apparently small immediate results.

The typical Socialist-in distinction from the wild-eyed and bushy-whiskered creation of the cartoonists-is a rather quiet and thoughtful working man, serene in time of trouble and self-contained in the day of victory. He realizes that the world will move on very well after he is dead, but remembers that while he lives it is his business to help the world move. He considers himself an ally of eternal laws of nature and is proud to do his little part in the great cause.

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Society in the United States.

Mrs. Potter Palmer.

Mrs. Hermann Oelrichs

Mrs. O. H. P. Belmont.

CHOLLY KNICKERBOCKER.

The state of New York society to-day is as different from that of fifteen or even ten years ago as social conditions then were dissimilar from those existing in Colonial times. There has been a silent but effective revolu tion. A few old fogies shake their heads sadly over the present conditions and deplore other times and other morals; but this does not allow an inference for a minute that society has deteriorated. On the contrary, it has vastly improved, and to-day it is on an equality with that of London or any of the great capitals of Europe. In fact, with the AngloSaxon only two sets of society, are now recognized that of London' and that of New York. This is merely representative, because London means England and New York stands for America. There is no doubt that blood and lineage play an important part in Continental society, and Vienna and parts of Ge many to-day are as aristocratic and as exclusive as ever. But there is a general tendency to be democratic and to seek new blood from the rank and file. Berlin is military, and wealthy bankers have also bought their way in, and Italy, since Rome has become the capital, has been flooded with new titles and new people. Spain is very small, indeed, and Russia is still a bit barbaric. society of Paris is more mixed to-day than that of London, and the Faubourg Saint Germain is simply a tradition. The old aristocratic families have married with those of the Bourse, and so entangled have these diferent alliances become that nobles of the last Napoleonic creation are considered old aristocrats. The world of London is well known. The King is intensely democratic, and his own set is composed of people who are amusing and who can entertain, regardless of tradition.

The

All this has had its effect on America and on New York. If one takes up any of the social chronicles of ten years ago one will understand the change. New York was more provincial in those days than many of the Southern and Western cities, and it has only outgrown this provincialism by being taught by those who have come from other centres and settled in New York or at Newport that there were other places except Manhattan where people "knew a thing or two." For years San Francisco had been called the little Paris. Society there was very cosmopolitan. Many of the California girls had married abroad and in noble families. New York was a mere shopping place, a city to stop in for a few days-nothing more. The Chicago people likewise found New York a bit insular, and they preferred England and the Contínent. These long European sojourns had their influence, and when the West came to New York, as a kind of social capital, or to Newport, as the best and most amusing of the Eastern watering places, it was very well prepared not only to cope with society as it found it, but to surpass it in the luxury of living and in the charm of entertaining.

A very strange thing about New York is that the greatest successes have been made there by those who are not New Yorkers.

It

Ten years ago society was ruled by the late Ward McAllister. He was a Southerner, from Savannah, but his family were well known on the Pacific coast. His brothers had lived there, and one of his sons still resides in San Francisco. Mr. McAllister had broader ideas than the majority of New Yorkers. can be well seen how small a village New York was, from a social point, when it allowed a stranger to come in and rule it. Mr. McAllister was a humorist. Originally a man fond of good living, with artistic perceptions and a genius for entertaining, he assumed without election the social leadership of New York. And it was given him without a dissenting voice. It is true he had two charming women on his sideMrs. Astor and the late Mrs. August Belmont. His reign was absolute for a while, until he found himself opposed by a very clever woman, who by a single snub managed to dethrone him.

If one looks over the list of Ward McAllister's Four Hundred, compiled twelve years ago, one will find that nearly all the names were representative New Yorkers of at least a generation. Already the Knickerbockers and old Dutch families were retiring and forming a set of their own. The new families

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Mrs. Mackay.

Mrs. Chatfield-Taylor. Mrs.W.K.Vanderbilt,Jr. Mrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt.

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Mrs. Clarence Mackay.

Mrs. John Jacob Astor.

Miss May Goelet. of the McAllister regime were the Vanderbilts and the Wilsons. Most of the intermarriages made by wealthy families and those in society were with Southern women and men, with a little sprinkling from the West. The first great California marriage in New York was that of Ogden Mills to Miss Livingston, the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Maturin Livingston and one of the celebrated Livingston twins. These young women had been great belles abroad, and while in London and in Paris had met with many California people. Already at that day the Misses Parrott were married in old French families. Miss Sharon was Lady Hesketh, and so on. The wedding of Ogden Mills and Miss Livingston was one of the notable events of a little over twenty years ago. The christening of Mrs. Ogden Mills's twin daughters took place at Newport eighteen years ago, the first Summer that the Millses had a cottage there. Shortly after the Mills-Livingston wedding other Californians came to live in New York and take their place in society. Mr. and Mrs. Heber R. Bishop were among these. Mr. Bishop is a man of intense artistic temperament. house on Fifth avenue contains a beautiful ballroom, which in itself is a work of art, and his picture gallery is famous. His splendid collection of jade has been given to the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Two of Mr. Bishop's daughters have married into old New York families. The marriage of Miss Livingston, representative of the old Dutch aristocracy, to Ogden Mills precipitated the revolution. Mrs. Ogden Mills did not care to be dictated to by Ward McAllister any more than did Mrs. Oliver H. P. Belmont, then Mrs. William K. Vanderbilt. Mrs. Mills gathered around her a small and very exclusive set, and with a large fortune she was able to establish herself immediately as a leader.

His

The Crockers were the next family to adopt New York as their home. Fourteen years ago Charles B. Alexander married Miss Crocker. Mrs. Alexander is a handsome woman who has travelled a great deal and who had passed a part of her girlhood abroad. The Alexander mansion on Fifty-eighth street contains some exquisite works of art, and it is decorated and furnished in a lavish but thoroughly artistic manner. Mrs. Alexander has her cottage at Tuxedo, and she occasionally goes to Newport. She is very fond of Europe, and last Spring chartered a yacht, and, with a large party, cruised along the Riviera. Her niece, Miss Crocker, married Francis Burton Harrison, the son of Mr. and Mrs. Burton Harrison, and a future Congressman. Mrs. Alexander drew about her the entire artistic element of New York. Her entertainments have been delightful and she has shown that there are other things in life except the mere stupid conventionalities of society.

Twelve years ago there came to New York Mrs. Fair, then the wife of ex-Senator Fair, one of the great millionaires of the Far West. Mrs. Fair had with her two beautiful young daughters. The eldest, Miss Tessie Fair, was highly accomplished and educated, and her beauty was such that she immediately became the reigning sensation in New York. At first the Fairs did not aspire in the least to society. Hermann Oelrichs, one of the great beaux of New York, and possibly the most popular clubman there, fell desperately in love with this charming California girl. At the same time, the late Duke of Marlborough met her and paid his court to her. She could have been a duchess, but Miss Fair was a sensible young woman, open hearted, frank and very American. Besides, she was a Roman Catholic and the Duke was a divorced man. She married Hermann Oelrichs, and the Duke made a duchess of Mrs. Hamersley.

Mrs. Hermann Oelrichs has been from the first an emphatic social success. Her very independence has won for her many friends. Her first season at Newport was not spectacular. She made no effort whatever to storm the portals of society. Her husband's position was unquestioned, but there was still an opposition on the part of a few New York women to what they called the "Western element." Mrs. Oelrichs gave a large ball for the debut of her sister, Miss Virginia Fair. One New York woman who was very powerful in Newport society wrote her asking her to invite another woman who was also supposed to wield great influence, and to be a social promoter. Mrs. Oelrichs replied that she would ask exactly whom she pleased, and as she did not like the woman, refused to give the invitation. At first all sorts of dire things were prophesied for Mrs. Oelrichs, but she gave the ball to which all Newport went and which was the success of the season. In her own home on Fifth avenue she gives delightful entertainments. She has had the aid of two devoted friends, Mrs. Oliver H. P. Belmont and Mrs. Stuyvesant Fish. Both of these women are clever and not in the least insular. Mrs. Fish has lived in Chicago and in other Western cities, as well as abroad. She is frankness itself, and her lineage, from a Knickerbocker point of view, cannot be questioned. The wedding of Miss Virginia Fair and William K. Vanderbilt, Jr., took place a few years after Miss Fair's debut. Nearly every parti in New York was at the young Californian's feet, and there was great alarm among the mothers who had daughters concerning the Western invasion.

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Then from Chicago came Mrs. Potter Palmer. Mrs. Palmer never does things by halves. She took the William Waldorf Astor villa at Newport, which before then had been occupied by the family of the late Calvin Brice. another Westerner, who had introduced to Newport the afternoon vaudeville and elaborate dinners and musical entertainments. Mrs. Potter Palmer's season in Newport was a veritable triumph, and it ended with the wedding of her niece, Miss Julia Grant, the granddaughter of the late General Grant, with the Prince Cantacuzene.

Six years ago there was another alliance which established the union of the East and West, and which strengthened the influence of society beyond the Rockies in the very stronghold of conservative New York. It was that of Clarence Mackay to Miss Kathryn Duer. Miss Duer was a very beautiful and extremely clever girl. On her mother's side she was the granddaughter of the late William R. Travers, the greatest wit known in the history of New York. Here also she was related to the Wadsworths and several historical families, and to the Reverdys. Her father was the descendant of Lord Sterling, one of the last colonial governors, and also of a line of old patrons of the Dutch regime. Miss Duer had made a brilliant debut, and there were few young women who attracted as much attention. She inherited the wit of her grandfather and her epigrams were the delight of the salons and clubs.

Clarence Mackay was the only living son of the great Bonanza King. He had been educated abroad. His mother has had a remarkable social career in Paris and in London. His half sister married into one of the oldest Roman families. But Mr. Mackay is a representative Western man. His wife, since her marriage, has assumed much of the breezy, independent manner, and has completely revolutionized matters in New York society. When the Mackays emerge from their mourning for the late John Mackay, they will take their places at the very head of New York society. Nothing Mrs. Mackay loves so much as to be odd and original. She will throw aside all the absurd narrow ideas cherished by New Yorkers who are not sure of their position. If she finds people talented, amusing or clever, she does not care whether they have money or not-this is the very last consideration with her. She is continually surprising society, and she does exactly as she pleases. She is a devoted wife and mother, and she makes her husband's interests her own.

Newport, and consequently, New York, had been conquered. And the effect has been most refreshing. Now there comes again from the Middle West a number of millionaires who are to make New York their home, and who will give to it a still more cosmopolitan character.

The effect of the Western invasion of New York society has been healthy. It is true that Henry Watterson fulminated against society this year, and a clergyman at Newport did the same two years ago. This thundering is not new. The Rev. Dr. Morgan Dix hauled society over the coals ten years ago in a most sensational sermon, and he was followed on the same lines by the Rev. Dr. Huntington, of Grace Church. Still, society has not deteriorated. It seemed to be much wickeder ten years ago than now. It can be said of the Western element that it has brought to it no scandals, that the influence has been healthy. Society cannot be judged from any other standpoint but its own. It makes a business of pleasure. It has unlimited means, and it wants to be amused and to enjoy itself. This is the modern acceptation, and this the interpretation found abroad as well as in this country. With these premises, one must look at society fairly and squarely. The Western invasion has made New York and Newport less insular, less provincial. It has been a patron of arts and it has done much to support the opera and to make the Metropolitan Museum one of the greatest art galleries in the world.

Taking the box holders of the opera, one will find among the stockholders Ogden Mills, D. O. Mills, Whitelaw Reid, who married Miss Mills; Mrs. Hermann Oelrichs, Mrs. William K. Vanderbilt, Jr., Heber R. Bishop, Charles B. Alexander, James 2. Haggin, Senator Clark, of Montana; Charles Yerkes, the millionaire; Clarence Mackay, and others less known. And the invasion still continues and New York is broader. There is no one set. there is no Four Hundred. Mrs. Astor holds a traditional leadership by reason of brevet rank, but Mrs. Clarence Mackay, Mrs. Ogden Mills and Mrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt are also leaders. Every day New York becomes more like London, where on any night of the season one may "pass on" from one entertainment to another, and where there will be several balls and dances and crushes and musicales being given on the same evening. The night of one entertainment is over. Society has been taught that in a great metropolis it should be cosmopolitan. The mere presence of a titled man means nothing to-day, where ten years ago the very visit of a marquis would throw the entire Four Hundred into a state of excitement bordering on frenzy. New York has become the American city, the general clearing house for the rest |

of the nation.

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Mrs. Fred. D. Grant. Mrs. Whitelaw Reid. Miss Katherine Neilson.

South
Carolina

Capital:
COLUMBIA.

The first attempt to colonize the territory now comprised in South Carolina was made by Jean Ribault, a Frenchman. The province of the Carolinas was created in 1663, and the first permanent settlement in South Carolina was made on the banks of the Ashley River in 1670 by English colonists, who moved later to the present site of Charleston. In 1680 a large number of Huguenots and a little later large numbers of Swiss, Scotch, Irish and German emigrants found homes in the territory. The colony at various times suffered severely from Indian depredations, and was engaged with Georgia in the contest with the Spanish settlement in Florida. During the Revolutionary War the State was the scene of severe warfare. In 1832 South Carolina, in conven

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tion, declared the tax law passed by Congress to be "null and void and no law, nor binding upon this State, its officers and citizens," and forbade the payment of duties on imports. An ordinance of secession from the Union was passed on December 20, 1860, and the first hostilities of the civil war began by the aring on Fort Sumter, in Charleston harbor, by General Beauregard.

South Carolina has an area of 30.570 square miles, and in 1901

1,360,000.

No State in the South

in manufacturing during the past With scarcely a cotton mill in the been so rapid that now in number this State ranks near the first in products of cotton manufacturing 919. The manufacture of lumber portance, while the manufacture of the third place. The cultivation has been tried in Summerville, and The tea grown on the plantations that imported from China and Cey manufacture and the proximity of sulted in creating a demand far ex

The Legislature in 1901 passed Among them was one prohibiting portation of pistols less than than three pounds. The State gave Federal Government of such land as palachian Forest Reserve Park Board of Entomology were created.

A bill tending to restrict the cotton mills was passed by the This bill provided that no children employed in any manufacturing or 1901; none under eleven after May, May, 1903. The mill operators grounds that it would tend to drive where no such law was in opera the Legislature of 1902, and met public, but failed also of passage.

Gov. D. C. Heyward.

its population was estimated to be has shown a more marked increase decade than has South Carolina. State in 1895, the increase has of spindles and extent of output the United States. In 1900 the industries were valued at $29,723.and timber ranks second in imfertilizers from phosphate rock has and preparation for market of tea is now no longer an experiment. in this region equals the best of lon, and the improved methods of the fields to the markets have receeding the supply.

several laws of general interest. the carrying, manufacture o im twenty inches long or weighing less consent to the acquisition by the it deemed necessary for the ApThe office of State Geologist and a

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employment of child labor in the Senate, but rejected by the House. under ten years of age should be mercantile establishment after May, 1902, and none under twelve after were opposed to this bill on the Degro families to other States tion. A like bill was presented to with the favorable opinion of the

In 1901 Senators Benjamin R. Tillman and John L. McLaurin created considerable excitement by each resigning and daring the other to do likewise. Senator Tillman represented the faction of the Democrats who believed in the principles be promulgated in 1892 and subsequent years while he was Governor of the State, while McLaurin represented what is termed the "new" Democracy, which the old Democrats refuse to recognize as anything other than Republicanism. Governor McSweeney refused to accept the resignations of either of the Senators, and the matter was dropped, though during a session of Congress in the Spring of 1902 the two Senators attempted to settle their differences by personal encounter on the floor of the Senate, and were separated only with difficulty by their colleagues.

In the Democratic primaries, held August 28, and which, in fact, constitute an election in South Carolina, Congressman A. C. Latimer was chosen to be elected to the short term of the Senate, to fill McLaurin's place, his term having expired. This primary showed a marked change in the sentiment of the voters by the utter overthrow of those representing the Tillman idea in the State and the choice of men from the former "straight out" or "Bourbon Democrats.

The South Carolina Interstate and West Indian Exposition, held in Charleston from December 1 to June 1, 1902, proved a complete success artistically and industrially, though a failure financially. The attendance was smaller than had been anticipated, due to bad weather conditions and lack of publicity, but it resulted in arousing a new interest in this section of the South and in showing the advance made since the war in spite of the adverse conditions existing.

Land in many parts of South Carolina may be purchased at remarkably low prices. In November practically the entire town of Calhoun Falls, in the Western part of the State, was sold for $14,000, with the intention of forming there a land investment company to exploit the timber supplies of that region.

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South Dakota.

Capital:
PIERRE.

condensed milk ranks second.

South Dakota became a State December 2, 1889, when the Territory of Dakota was divided into two States. The capital is Pierre. The area of South Dakota is 77,650 square Diles, and in 1901 its population was estimated to be 401,570. As a separate State it has no history dating farther back than 1889, and, of course, its earlier history is identical with that of North Dakota (q. v.).

Agriculture and mining are the principal industries of South Dakota, though the census of 1900 shows an increase in manufactures since 1890, limited practically to "neighborbood" industries. Agriculture supplies the raw material, and the most important industry is the manufacture of flour and grist mill products. The making of butter, cheese and

The Legislature of 1901 proposed several constitutional amendments to be voted upon by the people at the election in November, 1902. One provided that the constitutional provision that a county seat once located could not be relocated by a two-third vote, should be amended to provide that a county seat not on a railway line might be so located by a two-third vote. Among the laws passed by the Legislature was one

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