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providing that a uniform system of education should be established under the Superintendent of Public In-
struction, and the previous school laws were codified. It was directed that a course in the humane treat-
ment of animals should be given in
minutes a week, and "no experi
strate facts in physiology" should
State.

An act to prevent the fusion of didate is chosen by two parties his choice of which nomination he pear on the ballot as the nom parties. An act of 1891 making or give firearms or ammunition had not renounced his tribal re of Food and Dairy Commissioner the duty of the commissioner to laws to regulate the manufacture the dairy, to encourage the organ factories by disseminating infor their products, and by other

A sweeping and discriminating rine was passed. This act oleomargarine was sold at whole houses. hotels and lunch rooms least 10x14 inches square and rine sold here," and no other

The use of the United States prohibited. The penalty for kid for life. or a minimum of 10 school libraries a tax of 10 per school age was directed to be was directed that in cities of the mills might be levied for the pur of libraries.

Gov. Charles N. Herreid.

the public schools for at least ten
ments on live animals to demon-
be permitted in any schools in the

parties provides that if any can-
for the same office he must take
will accept, and he cannot ap-
inee for the same office in both
it unlawful for any person to sell
to any Indian or half-breed who
lation, was repealed. The office
was created, and it was made
enforce all existing pure food
and sale of all the products of
ization of creameries and cheese
mation as to the best market for
means.

act against the sale of oleomarga-
directed that every place where
sale or retail, including boarding
should display a white placard at
bearing these words: "Oleomarga-
words.

flag for advertising purposes was
napping was made imprisonment
years. For the establishment of
cent per capita for each child of
levied, and at the same time it
first and second class a tax of 2
chase of books and the erection

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The requirements for the admission of candidates for the practice of medicine were increased by requiring them to either pass a sufficient examination or to be graduated from a medical college having a four years' course. Applicants for the practice of dentistry were directed to present a diploma from a reputable dental college or to pass examinations and to show at the same time that they had studied or had been engaged in the practice of dentistry for at least three years. Congress was petitioned to establish a school of mines in each State, and was also petitioned to call a convention to propose a constitutional amendment providing for the direct election of United States Senators.

The Democrats and Populists of the State held State conventions June 26, 1902, and agreed to form a fusion party to be known for the single year as the Democratic party of South Dakota. The Populists reserved the right to contiune their organization and to act independently at any time. The Populists adopted a platform reaffirming the Sioux Falls platform of 1900, expressing faith in the leadership of William J. Bryan, and commending the campaign of education and the adoption by the Democratic and Republican parties of part of its platform. The platform favors the election of United States Senators by direct vote, and denounces the Fowler bill for the retirement of silver. The platform adopted by the Democrats reaffirms the principles of the Kansas City platform, denounces the Fowler bill and the workings of the Text Book trust within the State. It favors Government control of railroads and public utilities and the direct election of United States Senators.

At the State elections held in November the Republican Congressional ticket was elected by a large majority, and this party also succeeded in electing all but half a dozen members to the State Legislature. Charles N. Herreid, Republican candidate for Governor, was elected by a large majority.

The National House Committee on Public Lands reported favorably in 1902 on the bill of Congressman Martin, providing for the establishment of a National Park to cover the country about the Wind Cave, in the vicinity of the Black Hills, South Dakota. Should the bill eventually pass, the Wind Cave will soon stand with Niagara Falls, Yellowstone Park and the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky as one of America's most wonderful freaks.

Eighteen years ago, in the Summer of 1884, three cowboys riding across the prairies of Dakota, heard a strange hissing sound proceeding from near the foot of a small hill. One of them turned back to make an investigation and found that the noise came from a clump of bushes. Cutting away the underbrush, he saw a dark hole some distance away. When he was within ten feet of the opening he felt himself hurled toward the gaping mouth by a terrific draught of air. Grasping the shrubbery about him he barely saved himself, and with difficulty crawled back from the dangerous spot.

Several days later he, with his companions, returned to the place and made a hasty investigation of what proved to be an enormous cave. Owing to a lack of lights and ropes they were afraid to venture far into it, but saw enough to assure them that they had discovered a new wonder.

Explorations of the cave were made by several parties, and recently a thorough investigation was conducted by the United States Geological Survey, with the assistance of agents of the United States Land Office.

Spain.

Capital:
MADRID.

The present reigning House, that of Bourbon, has been active in the Government of Spain for more than two centuries. Succeeding the House of Hapsburg, on the accession of Felipe V., in 1700, it remained in power until 1869, with the exception of the six years during which Spain was ruled by a Bonaparte. The short reign of the House of Savoy was followed by the republic, but, on the restoration of the monarchy, in 1875, it was a Bourbon, Alfonso XII., who occupied

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the throne.

The present ruler. Alfonso XIII., was born May 17, 1886, after the death of his father, and at once succeeded to the throne, which, in the meantime, had been occupied by his sister, Donna Maria de las Mercedes, who was born September 11, 1880, and who married Prince Carlos of Bourbon, February 14, 1901. At the birth of the infant King, his mother, Queen Maria Christina, the daughter of the late Archduke Karl Ferdinand of Austria, took oath as Regent, a position which she held until the King reached his majority, May 17, 1902, when he assumed charge over the kingdom.

According to the Constitution of 1876, the monarch is inviolable, but his Ministers are responsible for his acts, and all his decrees must be signed by at least one of them. It is also provided that the Cortes must approve the King's marriage before he can contract it, and he is expressly forbidden to marry any one who would be excluded by law from succession to the throne.

The Heir Apparent.-If the present king should die without offspring the throne would revert again to his eldest sister, the Infanta Donna Maria de las Mercedes.

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Spain is a constitutional monarchy, so declared by its Constitution, adopted 1876. The executive rests in the King, together with the Cortes, or two-chambered Legislature. not more than 360 Senators, one-half the other half consists of Senators. official position, and 100 appointed lower house, is composed of Depu lation. The initiative in making house.

The national church in Spain this faith nearly the entire nation somewhat restricted.

Education is shamefully neglect tional census it was shown that could neither read nor write. There schools and some fine academies tion is nominally compulsory.

In 1901 the actual revenue ture. $174,752,000. The outstand 300,661.

About 80 per cent of Spain is devoted to agriculture, 20 per cent cent to vineyards and 11⁄2 per cent tries are still small. Cotton manu goods are next in importance. Other glass. The mining industries are greatly so. In 1900, imports and were, respectively, $161,886.406

Since the cession of her princi States and Germany and the relin territory is only about 253,000 scheme, the Canary Islands are,

For the year 1902 the cost of

King of Spain.

or

The upper chamber. consists of elected by the States for five years; by the right of their family or by the King. The Congress, ties, one for every 50,000 of populaws rests with the King and either is the Roman Catholic, and to adheres. Liberty of worship is

ed in Spain. At the last educaover 65 per cent of the population are, however, numerous public and universities. Primary educa

was $170,998,000, and the expendiing debt July 1, 1901, was $1,930,productive-one-third of this being each to grass and fruits, 31⁄2 per to olive culture. Spanish indusfactures lead; woollen and silk works include cork, beet, paper and valuable, and the sardine fisheries exports, including precious metals, and $129,398,465.

pal island possessions to the United quishment of Cuba, Spain's colonial square miles in Africa. Under this administratively, a part of Spain. these possessions to the Spanish

[graphic]

Government over and above the receipts from them was $400,000. In case of sale, Spain has given France the right of pre-emption over these colonies.

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For administrative purposes the Canary Islands are also considered a part of Spain. They possess an area of 2,808 square miles, and their population (1897) was 334,521.

The Army. The regular army is organized in eight army corps, of which two contain each three divisions of infantry, three contain each two divisions, and three contain each one division. Of cavalry three of the army corps have each one division, and two have each one brigade. All Spaniards past the age of nineteen are liable to be drawn for the permanent army, in which they have to serve three years; they then pass into the first or active reserve, and for six years into the second reserve. They can purchase exemption for 1,500 pesetas.

Events in 1902.-The most important events in Spain in the last year was the coronation of King Alfonso XIII., which was most successfully accomplished in the early Summer. This brought to an end the regency of the Queen-Mother, and has thus far proven a beneficial change for Spain. The young King, who is no weakling, has succeeded in shelving some of the most troublous of his courtier-advisers, and, determined to feel for himself the popular pulse, has succeeded in making more popular the policy of the Government. The Carlist and religious riots enacted in Barcelona and other parts of the kingdom have not been repeated since the young King's accession.

The street railway has become one of the most important and gigantic industries in the United States, and contributes so materially to the welfare of the people that the time is not far distant when the surface of the coun

Street Railways try will become an interlaced network of such

in the United States.

car lines. The day o fthe horse and cable
cars is practically past, for modern conditions
demand a transportation service which shall be
in keeping with the swift progress of the times.
The up-to-date electric street car is a "palace
on wheels. compared with the horse coach of
twenty-five years ago, and yet the standard of
construction and equipment grows ever more
substantial and expensive.

The tendency nowadays is to forsake the
crowded life of the city for the comparative

W. G. THOMAS,

"The Street Railway Review."

freedom of suburban homes. Before any suburb can be developed, however, it must be made easy of access, and at a low rate of transportation. This is what the electric car line accomplishes, and many sections which a few years ago were vacant lots or mudholes are the sites of detached houses, comprising beautiful little communities.

The adaptation of electricity to other than street cars is another sign of progress, for "L" roads everywhere are now adopting such equipment. Much has been expected, too, of the use of electricity by steam roads, and threatened competition by a parallel trolley line has decided more than one steam road to adopt electricity on passenger service at least, for the frequent service and lower fares possible with electric operation make competition by steam roads difficult and expensive.

The electric express service has developed rapidly and grows in popularity, postal car service on street railways has proved even more successful than was anticipated, and the operation of funeral cars in those cities where the location of cemeteries and electric lines renders such a service practicable has been found highly desirable and appropriate, furnishing, as it does, transportation with which the ordinary carriage service is not to be compared from point of economy.

Wherever public parks and places of amusement are to be found the efforts of the authorities in that direction are supplemented by the street railway manager, who supplies attractions that would otherwise be lacking. The employment of electric cars for excursions, trolley parties and the like has become general, while the popularity of observation cars is undiminished. How long before we will be bowling across the continent in our private electric coaches is only a matter of speculation. Already we have the "Special Limited" on most of the interurban lines, which makes no stops except at the towns en route and saves the business man thirty minutes in thirty miles.

The tendency toward consolidation of trolley lines grows rapidly, and the facility with which combinations are made by the willing surrender of stock in old concerns for that in new corporations with enlarged capital and facilities shows the growing recognition among investors of consolidation as a profitable investment. A conservative estimate places the amount of investment in trolley lines in this country as $1,500,000,000. Twelve years ago it was $108,000,000. At that time electric mileage was in the minority. there being 3,009 miles of electric railways to 5,443 miles of horse car lines. To-day the horse car mileage is 332; electric lines, 22,063. Perhaps the story of progress ean be told in so few words no other way, and incidentally it may be stated that America is justly regarded as representing the latest developments in modern methods of transportation, for its electric railway apparatus is adopted as standard in all parts of the globe.

Interurban and suburban street railway lines have developed a new pleasure, that of "trolley excursions," and in those sections of the East and Central States where there are long distance lines, many of the street railway companies issue guide books of trips to be taken on their lines and those of connecting companies, with descriptive matter of scenes along the routes.

Sweden and
Norway.

Capitals: STOCKHOLM. CHRISTIANIA.

The reigning family of Sweden, or the Honse of Ponte Corvo, is descended from Marshal Bernadotte, Prince of Ponte Corvo, who was made heir apparent to the Crown by a vote of Parliament, August 21, 1810. On February 5, 1818, he succeeded to the throne and reigned, under the name of Carl XIV.. until his death, March 8, 1844. His son succeeded him, as Oscar I., and when he died, in 1859, his son, Carl XV., assumed the throne. His premature death, without male children, in 1872, left the throne vacant, and his brother, the present ruler, was elected by the vote of the two Diets.

King Oscar II. was born January 21, 1823, and assumed the throne September 18, 1872. On June 6, 1857, he married Princess Sophia

(born July 9, 1836), the daughter of the late Duke Wilhelm of Nassau. They have issue:

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Renounced his right to the succession to marry one of his mother's maids of honor.
THE MINISTRY.-The Council of State for Sweden is composed as follows:

Minister of State, Eric Gustav Bostrom; Minister of Foreign Affairs, Carl Herman Tehedor Alfred
Lagerheim; Minister of Justice,
Jesper Ingewald Crusebjorn; Minis
Palander; Minister of the Interior,
of Finance, Ernst Fredrik Wilhelm
Ecclesiastical Affairs. Carl von Frie
brecht Theodore Odelberg; Ministers
Husberg and Johan Olof Ramstedt.

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The following is the Council of Minister of State, Otto Albert cal Affairs and Public Instruction, ment of Justice, Soren Tobias Ar O. A. Blehr; Department of Public Department of Agriculture. Wollert and Customs. Elias Sunde; Depart Georg Jacob Stang; Department of Konow.

lows:

The delegation of the Council

Ore Anton Ovam, Minister of Kundsen.

THE NATION.-With the elec to the throne of Norway, and the Riksakt, or national charter, the union, indissoluble and irrevocable.

SWEDEN.-In Sweden the King matters of political ministration. Diet. or Congress. This consists people, the 150 in the First Chamber in the Second Chamber for terms

The King must be a member of

the State religion. Full religious liberty is enjoyed.

Ossian Berger; Minister of War. ter of Marine, Adolf Arnold Louis Hjalmar George Westring; Minister Meyer; Minister of Education and sen; Minister of Agriculture, Alwithout portfolios, Karl Sigfried

State for Norway:

Blehr: Department and EcclesiastiVilhelm Anfreas Wexelsen; Departstad; Department of the Interior, Works, Jorgen Gundersen Lovland; Konow; Department of Finance ment of Defence, Lieut-Col. Hans Revision of Public Accounts. W. at Stockholm is composed as folState; Sigurd Ibsen and Gunner tion in 1814 of the King of Sweden proclamation, the next year, of the two kingdoms became bound in a They are, however, interdependent. exercises legislative power only in In all other cases it rests in the of two houses, both elected by the for terms of nine years and those of three.

the Lutheran Protestant Church,

Public primary education is compulsroy and free. It is well enforced. There are two large universities. The Kingdom comprises 208 district courts, three high courts. In 1899 there were 1,850 institutions The Kingdom comprises 208 district courts, three high courts. In 1899 there were 1,850 institutions for the relief of the poor.

Estimated, the revenue for 1902 was about $39,035,750, and the expenditure the same.

NORWAY.-Under the constitution of Norway, which bears the date, 1814, the legislative power vests in the Storthing, with limited veto power in the King. The Storthing has 114 members, thirty-eight from towns and seventy-six from rural districts. They are elected every three years; when sitting, three-fourths of them form the Odelsthing, or lower house, and one-fourth the Lagthing, or upper. In religion and education Norway has the same general features as Sweden. Primary instruction is compulsory between the ages of 6-7 years and 14 years.

Norway has 109 District, three Superior and one Supreme Court. Its paupers are cared for in the respective counties.

The estimated revenue and expenditure for 1902 were each about $24,325,000.
The coast line of Sweden and Norway is well fortified; the interior, less so.

In Sweden 8.6 per cent of the area is under cultivation, and about 50 per cent is in valuable forests, which furnish a large trade industry. Of Norway, 22 per cent is forest, and 3 per cent under cultivation. This timber is Norway's most valuable production. In Sweden the mines are important, but not so in Norway. The fisheries are valuable. In Sweden the imports in 1900 were $143,362,580, the exports, $104,877,512. In Norway, in 1900, the imports were $83,255,031, and the exports, $43,615,687.

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