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following of the law necessitates a leader who leads. This leader must be one whose higher evolution is attained and who stands as transmitter between the visible and invisible worlds. The Theosophical Society has had three such leaders-Madam Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, William Quain Judge, and the present leader, Katharine Tingley. In February, 1898, at the congress in Chicago, Katharine Tingley established the Universal Brotherhood and made the Theosophical Society one of its departments. This change caused a few of the members to leave the ranks.

While the Theosophical Society has lodges all over the world its headquarters are now established at Point Loma, California, where the great work of the movement is carried on. Many buildings are erected there i for educational purposes, and one is in construction for a school for the revival of the lost mysteries of antiquity. The corner-stone was laid in February, 1897. A "Raja Yoga" school for children is actively at work showing practical results of great moment. The public works conducted by the present leader have been the great crasade around the world, the hospital at Montauk Point for our returning soldiers from the Spanish war, where she, with a few stout-hearted helpers, cared for nine thousand soldiers; and the Cuban crusade, in February, 1899, when she with six helpers and 175 cases of stores of every description, went to Santiago de Cuba to serve the people, the wretched, half-starved, fever-stricken, naked ones left as relics from the Spanish war. The history of that crusade has never been written. She is not claiming recognition from the world, but as one who witnessed her labors has stated, "when it shall be told the service of Katharine Tingley will illumine our history as Joan d'Arc lights the dark hour of the history of France." She is an American woman whose overflowing love for humanity called her to do and dare in the fearlessness and self-abnegation which found her face to face with fever, famine and leprosy: whose soul, dominating the body, made it all forgetful of twenty hours of service in the cause at a stretcha service continued for weeks-of tender feet all caloused with the rough stone floors, where, day after day, and night after night, she stood and served, comforted and blessed. In April, 1897, she established the International Brotherhood League with seven most noble and far-reaching objects, the Lotus Homes for Children. Besides all this she is the editor of "The New Century." a weekly publication, and of "The Universal Brotherhood," a monthly magazine devoted to the cause. Mrs. Tingley has purchased Fisher Opera House, in San Diego, where the Sunday evening meetings of the Universal Brotherhood are held, and she has established free schools of art and music ir. San Diego. There are no paid teachers or officers connected with the Universal Brotherhood.

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Officers of the Irish Brigade.

When a man is suspected of murder the prosecution first seeks a motive. When a nation declares war the world demands the provocation.

It is then a singular fact that, although every school child knows why the American colonies revolted from England, few persons of maturity can give a satisfactory explanation of the events that led to the Boer war.

This wide ignorance may be attributed to the cleverness of English statesmen, who were able to confuse the present generation by making a charge that was certain to evoke prejudice against Kruger and his people-a charge of "taxation without representation."

ALLEN SANGREE, War Correspondent. Author of "South Africa," "Cecil Rhodes; a King and His Country."

Anent this indictment, even the most loyal British admit that the taxes were not exorbitant since the Transvaal exacted a poll tax of but 18 shillings 9 pence, and a mining tax of 5 per cent upon the total net output of gold. The latter tax has, under British regime, been doubled.

What did appear unjust was the law that required a man to pay taxes fourteen years before he could become a citizen, and so the Transvaal Raad lessened this period by half.

When Sir Alfred Milner, at the Bloemfontein Convention insisted upon a five-year residence, the same that is exacted by the United States Government, President Kruger would not consent, pointing out that settlers who really intended making South Africa their home, having the country's welfare at heart, would not cavil at two years' more probation.

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But Sir Alfred Milner made this a point and demanded the concession within a certain date. Before the expiration of that time, Kruger relented, and the British High Chancellor was awakened from his bed at night and so informed. "Too late," was his reply.

"And I knew then," President Kruger told the writer in Holland, "that the taxation grievance was merely a pretext. It was to be a war of aggression."

There is hardly any doubt that historians, after reflectively consulting the annals, will arrive at the same conclusion.

The three men who controlled the destinies of England in this crisis were Joseph Chamberlain, Cecil Rhodes and Alfred Milner, all of them zealously bent on "painting the map of South Africa a British red." Gaining possession of the gold fields and avenging Majuba were details. The rapid growth of Germany and the United States made it imperative that England should strengthen herself colonially.

Where else was there such opportunity as in the southern part of the Dark Continent, where all that stood in the way of one unbroken English colony from "Lion's Head to Line" were the two Dutch Republics and Portuguese East Africa, which territory, its fatherland being mortgaged to Great Britain, was even then ready to fall.

But for England's land hungriness there had been no Boer war. That was the provocation. This three years' struggle will be looked upon by history as epochal and fraught with ghastly mistakes. Epochal because it inaugurated many changes in warfare, namely, the doing away with garish uniforms, military pomp, bayonet charges and the fighting in close formation. It demonstrated that accurate marksmanship is of more value than headstrong bravery. The conquering army of the future will combine the two. England's first mistake was made by Chamberlain, who thought that 15,000 troops were enough to conquer the Boers. At one time English generals were glad to have the services of 350.000 men. The Boers were able to maintain a three-years' war against such odds because the British officers lacked

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Capt. Pretorius.

Gen. Botha.

Lord Roberts.

Dr. W. J. Leyds. in versatility and resource. From first to last they never changed their tactics, and the Dutch always knew exactly what was going to take place. I have heard Boer generals frequently declare that if officers from the ranks had been in charge England had triumphed earlier.

The Boers, on the other hand, fought as the occasion demanded, one time taking position on a kopje, each man sheltered by a rock, and again joining in a savage charge, in which manoeuvre they did not use a bayonet, but rode right among the enemy, dismounted, and poured in lead with a deadly aim. The Boer army used the latest models of rapid-fire, heavy and field guns. Those of the British were antiquated. Estimating the efficiency of English generals from a Boer standpoint, the most able three were Buller, McDonald and French. Lord Roberts was too old, and Lord Kitchener, though an organizer, had little strategic ability.

Among the Boers Botha was regarded as a careful and brave leader, but not so prompt as Delarey or De Wet. The latter was too reckless. Delarey they looked upon as the best general in either army.

Those who best know South Africa predict that it will ever remain essentially a grazing country. It is unique in having no great rivers or forests; manufacturing, therefore, will develop slowly. South Africa will never be a rival to the United States.

At the present time a majority of the population would be content to live under the British flag, were home rule conceded, but to govern the new colony from Downing Street will prove a troublesome, and, perhaps, impossible task, such is the hatred for England that rankles in the heart of every Dutchman on the veld or in the town.

In contrast to the figures presented to Parliament by Secretary of War Broderick, it is interesting to note those of Boer statisticians, who estimate the number of British dead at something over 120,000, the Dutch loss under 8,000.

THE STORY OF THE TRANSVAAL WAR CHRONOLOGICALLY TOLD.

It was on October 11, 1899, that the ultimatum presented to Great Britain by the Government at Pretoria expired, and, as no satisfactory answer was received within the limit of time set, the order for the movement of the Boer forces was given. In this letter of ultimatum State Secretary Reitz had enumerated the grievances of the South African Republic against Her Majesty's Government, and had concluded by exacting the following conditions as the only ones under which a continuance of peace would be possible:

THE ULTIMATUM.

(a) That all points of mutual differences shall be regulated by the friendly course of arbitration or by whatever amicable way may be agreed upon by this Government with Her Majesty's Government. (b) That the troops on the borders of this Republic shall be instantly withdrawn.

(e) That all reinforcements of troops which have arrived in South Africa since June 1, 1899, shall be removed from South Africa within a reasonable time to be agreed upon with this Government, and with the mutual assurance and guarantee on the part of this Government that no attack upon or hostilities against any portion of the possessions of the British Government shall be made by the Republic during further negotiations within the period of time to be subsequently agreed upon between the governments, and this Government will, on compliance therewith, be prepared to withdraw the armed burghers of this Republic from the borders.

(d) That Her Majesty's troops which are now on the high seas shall not be landed in any portion of South Africa. Great Britain's failure to accept these conditions left no alternative but the immediate declaration of war, and on October 10, 1899, the proclamation of martial law in both the South African Republic and the Orange Free State was issued. Hostilities began on the 11th, when the Boer forces invaded Natal, and the chief events of the war that followed were:

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