1901.

Dec. 16. Commandant Kritzinger_captured.

1902.

THE TERMS OF PEACE.

On May 31, 1902, the terms of peace were signed at Pretoria. They were as follows: (1) The burgher forces in the field will forthwith lay down their arms, hand over all guns, army rifles and munitions of war in their possession or under their control, and desist from any further resistance to the authority of His Majesty King Edward VII., whom they recognize as their lawful sovereign.

(2) All burghers in the field outside the limits of the Transvaal and Orange River Colony and all prisoners of war at present outside South Africa will, on duly acclaiming their acceptance of the position

as subjects of His Majesty the King, be brought back to their homes as soon as transport can be provided and their means of subsistence assured.

(3) Burghers so surrendering or so returning will not be deprived of their personal liberty or their property. (4) No proceedings, civil or criminal, will be taken against any of the burghers surrendering or so returning for any acts in connection with the prosecution of the war. The benefit of this clause will not extend to certain acts contrary to the usages of war.

(5) The Dutch language will be taught in schools when the parents of the children desire, and will be allowed in the courts of law when necessary.

(6) Possession of rides will be allowed in the Transvaal and Orange River Colony to persons requiring them for their protection, on obtaining licenses according to law.

(7) The military administration of the two colonies will at the earliest possible date be succeeded by civil government, and as soon as circumstances admit representative institutions leading up to self-government will be introduced. The question of granting the franchise to rebels will not be decided until after the introduction of self-government.

(8)

No special tax will be imposed on landed property in the Transvaal or Orange River Colony to pay the expenses of the war.

(9) As soon as circumstances permit a commission, on which the local inhabitants will be represented. will be appointed in each district in the Transvaal and Orange River Colony for the purposes of restoration of the people to their homes and supplying those who, owing to war losses, are unable to provide themselves with food, shelter and the necessary amount of seed, stock, implements, etc., indispensable to the resumption of their normal occupation. (10) For this purpose the commissioners will be placed by His Majesty's Government in the possession In addition to the above-named grant of £3,000,000 His Majesty's Government will be prepared to make advances on loan for the same purpose, free of interest for two years, and afterward to be repayable over a period of years at 3 per cent. interest. No foreigner or rebel will be entitled to share in the benefits of this clause.

of £3,000,000. (11)

sum equivalent to

The total cost of the war in money to Great Britain was about £223,000,000, a $1,115,000,000. The Boer losses are more difficult to estimate as systematic records have not been kept. Up to January 1, 1902, however, their losses of all kinds were reported as being about 84,000. During 1902 there were 438 killed. 302 wounded and 4.764 captured. At the close of the war there were about 40,000 Boer prisoners at Ceylon, St. Helena, Bermuda and Cape Town.

GREAT BRITAIN'S WAR CHARITIES.

The following statement of the amounts subscribed, and their objects, between October 21, 1899, and December 31, 1901, gives some idea of the philanthropic work which was done by the people of Great Britain in connection with the South African war:

Creaties of the United States.

£2,930,538 19
750,000
278.544 18 9
219.385 11 10
381,050

0

Subscribed in India and British do-
8 minions beyond the seas..
0 For refugees in South Africa.
Miscellaneous

Total

2 10

£224,803 19 3 309,288 2 1 33.383 2 0 £5,126,994 16 5

The United States Government possesses a treaty of some kind with prac tically every nation in the world except the government of Uruguay. In some instances the treaty is merely the conventional one of amity, peace and freedom of commerce, while with other nations such friendly treaty relations have been established that every phase of daily intercourse is governed by conditions of reciprocity. The only nations with whom there is no treaty of amity are Roumania, Servia, Turkey, and, of course, Uruguay.

While many important treaties have been signed by the United States, however, those that are of the most vital consequence to the world are the international conventions which have been adopted in the interest of all nations, and to nearly all of which this Government has been a party, for it is by this means that the pacific settlement of international disputes has been provided for. the inhumanities of warfare minimized, the submarine cables protected and the cruelty of the African slave trade repressed.

Among the most important recent treaties have been those dealing with reciprocity in tariffs, between the United States and other powers. In general, reciprocity treaties have been made with countries near at hand, or with great powers where an interchange of products with reduced tariffs or without import duties has appeared to be advisable.

The most important international conventions are as follows:

INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS TO WHICH THE UNITED STATES HAVE BEEN A PARTY.
Character of Treaty.

Establishing International Bureau of Weights and Measures
For the amelioration of the condition of the wounded in time of war.
For the protection of submarine cables

For the international and immediate exchange of official

Proclaimed. .Sept. 27, 1878 July 26, 1882 May 22, 1885 .June 11, 1887

For the international protection of industrial property

documents and scientific

and

literary publications

.Jan. 15, 1889

For an International Union for the Publication of Customs Tariff
General Act for the Repression of the African Slave Trade

Supplementary convention for the protection of industrial property

For the regulation of the importation of spirituous liquors into Africa.
For the pacific settlement of international disputes

A declaration prohibiting (for five years) the launching of projectiles and explosives from
balloons in time of war...

For the adaptation of the principles of the Geneva Convention to maritime warfare.
For the regulation of war on land

Nov. 1, 1901 Nov. 1, 1901 April 11, 1902

The Reciprocity Treaties.-There have been three distinct tests of reciprocity in the trade relations of the United States: (1) The reciprocity treaty with Canada, existing from 1855 to 1866. (2) The reciprocity treaty with the Hawaiian Government, existing from 1876 to 1900. (3) The series of treaties framed under the McKinlay tariff act of 1890 with Brazil, Dominican Republic, Spain, for Cuba and Porto Rico, in 1891; and with Germany, United Kingdom, for British West Indies and British Guiana, Nicaragua, Salvador,

Austria-Hungary, Honduras, and Guatemala, in 1892.

the Wilson tariff act, August 27, 1894.

These continued in existence until the passage of

The reciprocity agreements now in existence, framed under the Dingley tariff of 1897, took effect on the following dates, respectively: France, June 1, 1898; Portugal, June 12, 1900; Germany, July 13, 1900; Italy, July 18, 1900. They may be summarized as follows:

France: The United States reduces the rate of duty on crude tartar from France to 5 per cent ad valorem; on brandies or other spirits to $1.75 per gallon; also a reduction on still wines and vermouth, and on paintings to 15 per cent ad valorem; while the French Government gives its minimum tariff rates to canned meats, table fruits, dried fruits, lard, manufactured and prepared pork meats, hops, paving blocks, staves and logs, and sawed or squared timber and lumber from the United States.

Germany: The United States gives the same tariff rates as those named in the treaty with France on tartar, brandies, still wines, and paintings, and the German Government gives to the United States the same tariff rates as those given to Belgium, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Roumania, Russia, and Switzerland during the existence of the present tariff treaties with them, and annuls its regulations regarding dried fruits from the United States, providing in their stead a system of inspection on account of the San Jose scale.

Portugal: The reductions on crude tartar, brandies, wines and paintings accorded to Germany and France are given by the United States to Portugal, and the Portuguese Government gives to the United States as low rates of duty as those accorded to any other country, except Spain and Brazil, on breadstuffs, lard, mineral oils, agricultural implements, and certain machinery for manufacturing.

Italy: The above-mentioned rates with reference to tartar, brandies, still wines and paintings are given by the United States, and a reduction is made by the Italian Government on imports of cottonseed oil, fish, machinery, scientific instruments. fertilizers and skins.

The following is a list of all the reciprocity treaties and agreements which have been in force between the United States and foreign countries since 1850, the table having been prepared by the Bureau of Statistics:

Switzerland (treaty of 1850).

1, 18981.

June

do March 23, 1900

The matter relating to reciprocity treaties was prepared from a special report of the Bureau of Statistics. Under "most-favored-nation" clause of the treaty of 1850, proclaimed November 9, 1855.

The following treaties or agreements have been negotiated and signed, and now await the action of the United States Senate:

With Great Britain: For Jamaica, signed July 22, 1899; for Turks and Carcos Islands, signed July 21, 1899; for the Barbados, signed June 16, 1899; for Bermuda, signed July 24, 1899; for British Guiana, signed July 19, 1899. With France, signed July 24, 1899. With the Argentine Republic, signed July 10, 1899. There are also unratified agreements between the United States and the Dominican Republic, Nicaragua and Ecuador.

OTHER IMPORTANT TREATIES BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS.

Country.

France

France

Great Britain

Great Britain

France

Spain

Great Britain

Mexico

Russia

China

Ship canal connecting Atlantic and Pacific Oceans'
(the Clayton-Bulwer treaty)

Cession of territory (Gadsden treaty).
Cession of Alaska

Regulation of Chinese immigration

Great Britain & Germany.. Neutrality and autonomous government of the

5, 1881

21, 1890

9, 1892

12, 1894

11, 1899

November 18, 1901 February 22, 1902

Treaties of Extradition.-Although at the present time the United States has regular treaties of extradition with about thirty nations only, the sentiment of international courtesy which usually prevails in such matters makes it extremely difficult for a fugitive criminal to escape the punishment he deserves, for there are few nations that do not stand ready to comply with a diplomatic request for the delivery of any infamous law-breaker, even in instances where such delivery could not be demanded on a treaty right. Extraditable Crimes, How Interpreted.-The extraditable crimes are usually defined as follows:

Murder, comprehending assassination, parricide, infanticide, and poisoning; attempt to commit murder; manslaughter, when voluntary.

Robbery, the act of feloniously and forcibly taking from the person of another money, goods, documents or other property by violence or putting him in fear.

Burglary, the act of breaking and entering into the house of another in the night time, with intent to commit a felony therein.

Larceny, the theft of effects, personal property, horses, cattle, or live stock, or money, of the value of twenty-five dollars or more.

Forgery, the utterance of forged papers; the forgery or falsification of official acts of government, of public authorities, or of courts of justice, or the utterance of the thing forged or falsified.

Counterfeiting, falsifying or altering of money, whether coin or paper, or of instruments of debt created by national, state, provincial or municipal governments, or of coupons thereof, or of blank notes, or the utterance or circulation of the same; or the counterfeiting, falsifying or altering of seals of state, or the fraudulent use of same.

employers.

Embezzlement by public officers, embezzlement by persons hired or salaried, to the detriment of their Fraud or breach of trust by a bailee, banker, agent, factor, trustee, or other person acting in a fiduciary capacity, or director or member or officer of any company.

Perjury; suboruation of perjury.

Wilful and unlawful destruction or obstruction of railroads which endangers human life.

Crimes committed at sea: (a) Piracy, by statute or by the law of nations. (b) Revolt, or conspiracy to revolt, by two or more persons on board a ship on the high seas against the authority of the master. (c) Wrongfully sinking or destroying a vessel at sea, or attempting to do so. (d) Assaults on board a ship on the high seas with intent to do grievous bodily harm.

Crimes and offences against the laws of both countries for the suppression of slavery and slave trading.

SUMMARY OF TREATIES.

In the following tables the various extradition treaties now in force are summarized. It is impossible to record all of the minute differences between the various treaties. Many of them are made to conform in part to the laws of the countries with which the treaties are perfected, and as the various countries have different ways of looking at certain crimes, there must naturally be a wide difference in the general texts

of the treaties.

Extradition treaties between the United States and those countries which touch the frontiers, such as Mexico, are more rigid than those with more distant nations, and cover a greater number of offences. Mexico is the only country in which the possession of counterfeiting tools is considered an extraditable offence. Counterfeiting is considered extraditable in all countries with which the United States has treaties. Murder or attempted murder are also considered grave enough to grant extradition in all the countries.

But three countries, Belgium, Mexico and the Netherlands grant extradition for obtaining money by deceit. Ecuador and Great Britain are the only two in which crimes at sea are not extraditable. Burglary is a grave crime in all but five countries, and most countries include shop or office breaking. An accurate general idea of the character of each convention of the United States with a foreign country in regard to extradition may be obtained from the following tabulations: THE EXTRADITION OF CRIMINALS.

(Compiled for The American Almanac from "Treaties in Force, 1899," and subsequent treaties provided for this purpose by the State Department.)

COUNTRY.

Murder and Attempts.
Arson.

Burglary. (f)
Robbery.

Larceny.

222 7 Obtaining Money

Argentine R. |Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes † Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes

Austria

Hungary. Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes

Baden

by Deceit.

ZZ Procuring Criminal

Mayhem.

Operation.

Yes No
Yes No

Yes No

Yes No

Yes Yes
Yes Yes

Yes No

Yes Yes

Yes No

Yes No

Yes Yes

Yes No No No

Hayti

Yes Yes Yes No No
Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes No

No Yes

Yes No

Yes No

Norway.

Peru

Yes No Yes Yes (a b)
Yes No No No No No Yes No
Yes No No No No No Yes No
Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes No
Yes Yes Yes No No
Yes Yes No Yes No
Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No
Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
No No No No No No Yes No
Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes
Yest No No No No No Yes No
Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes No No No No No Yes No
Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes No No No No No Yes Yes
No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes No
Yes No No No No No Yes No

The nations with which the United States now has no treaties of extradition are Brazil. Bulgaria, China, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Greece, Guatemala, Honduras, Korea, Morocco, Paraguay, Persia, Portugal, Roumania, Siam, Uruguay and Venezuela.

Notes: *Property of value of $200. In excess of $200. Covers criminal assault only. $Includes kidnapping and child stealing. The treaty with Prussia applies to other German states. (a) Receiving goods known to have been dishonorably obtained an extraditable crime. (b) Participation is extraditable. (c) Also kidnapping of minors or adults. (d) Attempts to commit crimes covered by the treaty are also extraditable. (e) Attempts upon the life of a ruler, whatever the purpose of the assault, not to be regarded as a political crime. (f) Most nations include shop or office breaking. (g) Only embezzlement of public moneys.

Turkey.

Capital. CONSTANTINOPLE.

The earliest historical mention of the Turks was considerably prior to 850 A. D., but the position they occupied was one of little prominence until the time of Othman, the founder of the present dynasty, when, about 1030 A. D., the Othman Turks took possession of considerable Asiatic territory. By the beginning of the fourteenth century they had made themselves masters over many more provinces, and, having captured Nicea, had established their capital at Broussa. In 1080 they made their first appearance in Europe, at which time some 2,000 of their best warriors crossed the Bosphorus to assist Emperor Botoniates in one of the petty wars which were of such frequent occurrence at that time. Before the end of the century,

however, their name was known throughout the world, for they had reduced such countries as Bulgaria, -Macedonia and Thessaly to subjection, and had become rulers over all Western Asia. In 1392 they turned their attention to Europe, and in 1453 captured Constantinople, which has since been their capital. From that day their power was extended with rapidity until it threatened to spread from one end of Europe to the other, but in 1525 Solyman I. suffered his first serious defeat, and, ever since, the glory of the Empire has waned. Step by step they were driven out of their European territories. Upper Hungary and Transylvania were abandoned as early as 1595. In 1769 they were expelled from the Crimea, and in 1806 the Russian frontier was still further extended. The success of the Greek war for independence cost them that country, but the greatest blow to Turkish power was the war of 1876, which resulted in the loss of Bulgaria, Thessaly, Eastern Roumelia and a strip of Armenia, as well as the entire independence of Roumania, Servia and Montenegro, and the loss of administration over Bosnia and Herzegovina and Cyprus.

Abdul-Hamid II., who was born 15 Shaban, 1245 (September 22, 1842), is the thirty-fourth sovereign of the house of Ottoman. On the deposition of his brother, Sultan Murad V., who was said to be suffering from idiocy, he succeeded to the throne August 31, 1876.

It is not the custom for the Sultans of Turkey to contract regular marriages. The harem is a State institution and all children born within its walls are considered legitimate, whether the offspring of free women or of slaves. By the law of succession, which has long been established in Turkey, however, the throne does not descend to the eldest son of the Sultan, but to the senior male descendant of the first Ottoman, so that, while the present ruler has several sons, no one of them can inherit the throne if they have uncles or cousins of greater age.

The present heir apparent, therefore, is Prince Mohamed-Rechard Effendi, who was born November 3, 1844. He has three children-Prince Zia-Eddine, born 1876; Prince Nedjm, born 1881, and Princess Reji'a, born 1887.

Minister of Foreign Affairs, Teoflik douh Pacha; Minister of Public of Public Works and Commerce, Riza Pacha; Minister of Marine, Artillery, Zeky Pacha; Minister of of Justice and Worship, Abdulculture, Mines and Forests, Selim (pious foundations), Ghalib Pacha. Turkey is the absolute ruler of his word is not in opposition to legislative and executive rest in him in the Grand Vizier and the church.

THE MINISTRY.-Grand Vizier, Said Pacha; Sheikh-ul-Islam, Djemal-Eddin Effendi; President of the Council of State, Said Pacha; Pacha; Minister of Interior, Mem Instruction, Djelal Bey; Minister Zihny Pacha; Minister of War, Hassan Pacha; the Grand Master of Finances, Rechad Pacha; Minister Rahman Pacha; Minister of Agri Melhame Pacha: Minister of Evkaf THE NATION.-The sultan of the Ottoman Empire, insomuch as the precepts of the Koran. The the Sultan and are vested under Shiek-ul-Islam, the head of the Mohammedanism is the religion far outnumber all others. Seven recognition.

The budget (1898) shows a rev diture of $81,153,341. The public

Agriculture is little practised and madder are exported. Silk, ware, tapestry, crome, pigment and ucts. The fisheries and pearl fish

The Dependencies.-The princi tributary States to the Ottoman by the Treaty of Berlin. By this government and a national militia. by the people and confirmed by sent of the Powers. No member European Powers may be elected. the Sobranje, or one-chambered Na elected by universal male suffrage and hold for five years.

Sultan of Turkey.

of the empire, and its adherents other religions are given official

enue of $81,893,462 and an expendebt at that time was $726,511,195. in Turkey. Coffee, opium, gums wine, perfume, brass and copper rare minerals are important proderies are valuable.

pality of Bulgaria is one of the Empire. It was created in 1878 document it is given a Christian The Prince of Bulgaria is elected the Sublime Porte, with the conof a reigning house of one of the The legislative power is vested in tional Assembly. The members are

The Island of Crete is an autonomous state, subject to the suzerainty of the Porte, but not to tribute. It is under a High Commissioner of the Powers. Its Bule, or Assembly, consists of sixty-four ministers elected every two years. Questions of foreign relations are determined by the representatives of the four powers at Rome.

Somos is an island off the coast of Asia Minor, forming a principality under the sovereignty of Turkey, and under the guarantee of Russia, France and Great Britain, of December 11, 1832. It has an area of 180 square miles and a population of 54,800.

EVENTS IN 1902.-Turkey's foreign relations were at times strained during the last year. This hap pened in July, when the $4,200,000 instalment due Russia on the Lorando claim was not paid. Internal affairs were also in a bad shape. The capture of Miss Stone, an American missionary in Bulgaria, by Macedonian brigands, and the long period for which she was held for ransom, seemed to point, in the mind of the outside world, to government connivance, and as much was semi-officially charged. However, the