interest to 78. per head. The clear income from the State railways alone in 1886-87 would more than pay for the yearly interest and management of the debt. The gross income from railways increased from 18,457,5271. in 1882-83 to 34,554,9737. in 1886-87.

Army.

The military organisation of the kingdom, dating from the year 1814, is based on the principle that every man, capable of bearing arms, shall receive military instruction and enter the army for a certain number of years. The conditions of service and strength of the Prussian contingent have been already described under Germany.

Area and Population.

The area of Prussia extends over 6,311 German, or 137,066 English square miles. Prussia is administratively divided into twelve provinces, which again are subdivided into thirty-five government districts (Regierungsbezirke), with the principality of Hohenzollern, cradle of the royal family.

The following table gives the area and population, according to the census of December 1, 1885, and also 1875 and 1880:

The census returns of December 1, 1875, showed that at that date

there were in Prussia 12,692,370 males and 13,050,034 females, being an excess of only 357,664 females, or less than in most other European States; in 1885, 13,893,688 males and 14,420,145 females. In 1880 the number of foreigners (exclusive of other Germans) resident in Prussia was 98,958, of whom 24,159 were Austrians, 22,770 Danish, 15,843 Dutch, 10,814 Russian, 5,221 English, 4,343 Swedes, 3,484 Swiss, 3,015 Americans, 2732 Belgians. In 1885 the total number was 156,969.

The total population of the kingdom in 1819 was 10,981,934. In December 1858 the population had augmented to 17,739,913, showing an increase of 61.34 per cent. for 39 years, or of 157 per cent. per annum. At the next census, taken December 3, 1861, the population was found to have risen to 18,491,220, being an increase of 4.27 per cent. in three years. In 1866 the limits of the kingdom were enlarged from 107,757 to 137,066 English square miles, and at the next following census, taken December 3, 1867, the population amounted to 23,971,462. At the census of December 1, 1871, the population had risen to 24,639,706, showing an increase at the rate of but 0·69 per annum, the decline being accounted for by the losses of the Franco-German war of 1870-71. During the nine years from December 1, 1871, to December 1, 1880, the ratio of increase amounted to 1.13 per cent. per annum. During 1880-85 the rate of increase has been at the rate of 76 per cent. per annum. The emigration from Prussia by German ports and Antwerp was 145,886 in 1881, in 1882 it was 129,894, 68,307 in 1885, and 50,461 in 1886. In 1885 there were in Prussia 230,707 marriages, 1,108,760 births, and 761,134 deaths, the excess of births over deaths being thus 347,626. Included in these numbers were 43,119 stillborn or 3.98 per cent. of the births, while 91,249 or 8.23 per cent. of the total births were illegitimate, the rate varying from 2.81 per cent. in Westphalia to 13.60 per cent. in Berlin.

The census of 1885 gives the average density of the population at 209 per English square mile. The variation, however, is considerable, the density being highest in the manufacturing districts of Düsseldorf, in the Rhine province, where it is nearly four times the average, and smallest in the district of Köslin, Pomerania, where it amounts but to three-fifths of the average. There are a great number of towns-1,287 officially enrolled as Städte' in 1885-most of them of very limited population, spread all over the kingdom. In 1885 there were 197 towns with over 10,000 inhabitants, and a total population of 7,019,526, as against 176 in 1880, with a total population of 6,074,533. The population of the 197 towns in 1880 was only 6,268,916. The following table gives the population of the 26 principal towns at the census of December 1, 1885 :-

As in nearly all other States of Europe, so in Prussia, there is a strong movement towards concentration of the population in the towns. While the town population increased at the rate of 2 per cent. per annum between 1875 and 1880, the country population decreased at the rate of 4 per cent. per annum. The town population in 1885 was 10,555,065, showing a rate of increase of 1.72 per cent. per annum since 1880, while the rate of increase in the country districts was only 226 per cent. per annum.

About one-half, or twelve millions, of the population of the kingdom are dependent on agriculture as sole or chief occupation. The number of agricultural enclosures, each cultivated by one household, was, on June 5, 1882, 3,040,196, with a population numbering, altogether, 11,678,383, of whom 4,625,893 were actively engaged in farm-work. Of these farms, 1,456,724 were under 1 hectare (2.47 acres) each; 1,178,625 ranged in size from 1 hectare to less than 10; 653,941 from 10 hectares to less than 100; and 24,991 from 100 hectares upwards.

Trade and Industry.

The direct trade of Prussia with foreign countries is carried on mainly through the ports on the Baltic, and the amount of exports and imports shipped through harbours on the North Sea is comparatively unimportant. A very large portion of exports from and imports into the kingdom pass in transit through Hamburg and Bremen. The commercial intercourse of Prussia with the United Kingdom is included in that of Germany. (See p. 192.)

The mineral riches of Prussia are very considerable. The coalmines especially have developed greatly during the last halfcentury. The output in 1838 of coal, exclusive of lignite, was

2,901,713 metric tons (each=2,250 lbs.); in 1857-61 the annual average was 13,031,015 tons; in 1871 the output was 32,843,288 tons; in 1883, 49,500,000 tons; in 1884, 50,800,000 tons; in 1885, 58,320,000 tons; and in 1886, 58,020,000 tons. The value of the output in 1886 was 300,727,000 marks, besides 12,567,000 tons of lignite, valued at 32,116,000 marks. The coal raised in Prussia amounts to 93 per cent. of the total coal product of Germany, and is found mostly in Silesia, Westphalia, and the Rhine province; lignite being mainly worked in Saxony. Considerable quantities of iron are also raised in Prussia, chiefly in the Rhine province, Westphalia, Silesia, Hanover, and Hesse-Nassau. The total quantity of iron ore raised in 1886 was 3,558,000 metric tons, valued at 18,719,860 marks. Copper, zinc, and lead are also found, the total value of the mining products (excluding salt) in 1886 being 391,000,000 marks. In 1885, 2,529,000 tons of pig-iron were produced, valued at 109,300,000 marks.

Prussia has a very large and complete system of railways. In April 1887 the length of the system open for traffic was as follows: -

In 1878 the lines owned by the State had a length of only 4,939 kilomètres, while those owned by private companies extended to 12,880 kilomètres.

All the lines of the former territories of Hanover, Hesse, and Nassau are owned by the State, and the whole of the railways of Prussia will in time become national property. As will be seen from the budget statement a very large revenue is derived by the State from the railways.

II. BAVARIA.

(KÖNIGREICH BAYERN.)

Reigning King.

Otto Wilhelm Luitpold, born April 27, 1848, succeeded his brother, Ludwig II., on June 13, 1886.

Regent.

Prince Luitpold. (See below.)

Mother of the King.

Queen Marie, born October 15, 1825, daughter of the late Prince Wilhelm of Prussia; married to Prince Maximilian, Crown-prince of Bavaria, subsequently King Maximilian II., Oct. 12, 1842; widow, March 10, 1864.

Uncle and Cousins of the King.

Prince Luitpold, born March 12, 1821; appointed Regent June 10, 1886; married April 15, 1844, to Archduchess Augusta of Austria, Princess of Tuscany, who died April 26, 1864. Offspring of the union are four children:

I. Prince Ludwig, born Jan. 7, 1845; married Feb. 20, 1868, to Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este, of the branch of Modena, born July 2, 1849, of which marriage there are issue ten children:-1. Prince Rupprecht, born May 18, 1869. 2. Princess Adelgunda, born October 17, 1870. 3. Princess Marie, born July 6, 1872. 4. Prince Karl, born April 1, 1874. 5. Prince Franz, born October 10, 1875. 6. Princess Matilda, born Aug. 17, 1877. 7. Prince Wolfgang, born July 2, 1879. 8. Princess Hildegard, born March 5, 1881. 9. Princess Wiltrud, born Nov. 10, 1884. 10. Princess Helmtrude, born March 22, 1886.

II. Prince Leopold, born February 9, 1846, Commander-in-Chief of the 1st Bavarian Corps: married April 20, 1873, to Archduchess Gisela of Austria-Hungary, eldest daughter of the Emperor-King Franz Joseph I. Offspring of the union are:-1. Princess Elizabeth, born January 8, 1874. 2. Princess Augusta, born April 28, 1875. 3. Prince George, born April 2, 1880. 4. Prince Konrad, born Nov. 22, 1883.

III. Theresa, born November 12, 1850.

IV. Arnulph, born July 6, 1852, Lieut-General 1st Division in the infantry of the Bavarian army; married April 12, 1882, to Princess Theresa of Liechtenstein. Offspring, Prince Heinrich, born June 24, 1884.