consists of 24 regiments of infantry, 12 regiments of chasseurs, 10 regiments of cavalry, 3 regiments of mounted artillery, 1 brigade of mountain artillery, 1 regiment and 4 companies of garrison artillery, and 1 regiment of engineers. The duration of service is 12 years, 3 with the active army, 5 in the first, and 4 in the second reserve. The war effective is 125,000 officers and men, 12,700 horses and mules, and 264 guns. The strength of the army was fixed for 1887-88 at 32,000 men of all ranks, including 218 officers, of whom, however, as many will be sent back to their homes as can be spared consistently with the requirements of the service. There were besides 3,800 horses and mules. The number of recruits for the same period for the army and navy was fixed at 13,082, besides 3,000 for the reserve, in order to increase the war-effective. There are maintained in the colonies 8,826 officers and men. The navy of Portugal was composed as follows at the end of 1887. The steamers comprise There are, besides, 6 small screw steamers, 3 customs gunboats, and 4 sailing-vessels. The largest war-ship of the Portuguese navy is the ironclad corvette Vasco de Gama, built at the Thames Ironworks, Blackwall, and launched in December 1875. The Vasco de Gama has an unusually sharp prow for 'ramming.' The ship is plated with armour 8 and 9 inches thick, and carries two 21-ton guns, one 4-ton, and two 40-pounder guns. Her displacement is 2,480 tons, horsepower 3,600, and speed about 13 knots. The other notable vessels of the navy are the unarmoured screw-corvettes Rainha de Portugal and Mindello, both built at Blackwall, and launched in October 1875. In 1884 the unarmoured screw-corvette Affonso d'Albuquerque was built at the Thames Ironworks; horse-power 1,400, carrying two 6-inch_breech-loading guns and five 40-pounders. Two gunboats, the Zaire and the Liberal, were added in 1885; two others, the Diego Cam and the Zambesi, are building. Two other gunboats, the Cacongo and the Massabi, built by Messrs. Laird, were added in 1886. *Including 3 new first-class boats. Including mitrailleuses. The navy is officered by 1 vice-admiral, 14 rear-admirals, and 46 captains; 50 lieutenant-captains; 125 lieutenants, besides surgeons, engineers, &c.; and manned by 2,852 sailors in 1887. The fortified places of Portugal are mostly in a state of decay; they are Elvas, Jerumenha, Campo Mayor, Marvao, Peniche, Nonsando, Almeida, and the forts of Lisbon; there are several naval harbours. Area and Population. Continental Portugal is divided into six provinces and seventeen districts; in addition there are the Azores and Madeira, which are regarded as an integral part of the kingdom. The area, according to the latest official geodetic data, and population, according to the census of the 1st of January 1878, and an official estimate for 1881, are given in the table on next page. The population increased only 4.1 per cent. in the nine years from 1869 to 1878, or at the average rate of less than per cent. per annum. The increase between 1878 and 1881 was 3:40 per cent., or at the rate of 1.15 per cent. per annum. Of the total population, mainland and islands, in 1878, 2,175,829 were males, and 2,374,870 females. The average density in the mainland (1881) is 124 per square mile; it is greatest in province Minho, 358 per square mile; and least in Alemtejo, where it is only 39 per square mile. The only non-Portuguese element in the population of any consequence is the gipsies; there are about 3,000 negroes in the coast towns. The population in the north is mainly Galician; further south there has been considerable intermixture with Arabs, Jews, as also with French, English, Dutch, and Frisians. Portugal had in 1878 two towns with a population of above 20,000 -Lisbon, with 246,343; and Oporto, with 105,838 inhabitants; the population of Braga was 19,755; Loulé, 14,448; Coimbra, 13,369; Evora, 13,046; Funchal (Madeira), 19,752; Ponta Delgada (Azores), 17,635. The total urban population on the mainland in 1878 was 490,386, and rural, 3,669,929. No complete returns of births, deaths, and marriages have been issued since 1875 (see YEAR-BOOK, 1886, p. 382). There are partial returns of births and deaths for 1885 for the districts of Vianna, Braga, Oporto, Evora, Beja, Faro (Algarve), Lisbon, Horta, Delgada, and Funchal, a population of about 2,300,000, or one half of the total population. The total number of births in these districts in 1885 was 54,915, and deaths 37,801, giving a surplus of 17,114. excess of deaths of 1,474. The number of illegitimate births in these districts was 6,230, cr 14 per cent. of the whole. In Lisbon they were one-third of the whole births, and in Oporto one-fourth. In Ponta Delgada the illegitimate births are only 5 per cent. of the whole, and in Funchal 4 per cent. In Oporto the death-rate is 37 per thousand, in Ponta Delgada 18, and in Vianna 19. The number of emigrants from Portugal during the period 186680 was 169,883. The following are the statistics for 1881-85, showing destination of emigrants: There were in addition 1,851 Included in the above in 1885 were 2,826 emigrants from the Azores, and 1,841 from Madeira. emigrants to other parts of Europe. The number of cases before the Criminal Courts in 1881 was 11,594; of these 3,951 were acquitted, and 7,305 sentenced, or 16 per 1,000 of population. Only 338 were sentenced to penal servitude. Trade and Industry. The commerce of Portugal has increased rapidly in recent years. During the 30 years ending 1881 the imports had nearly doubled, and the exports had increased 66 per cent. The following table shows the value of the special imports and exports of merchandise for the years 1883-86: four |