8. Paris. 1884. Paris, 1885. Annuaire de la Marine et des Colonies. 1884. Bulletin officiel du Ministère de l'Intérieur. Paris, 1884. Compte général de l'administration de la justice civile et commerciale en France pendant l'année 1882. 4. Paris, 1884. Compte général de l'Administration de la Justice criminelle en France, par le Garde des Sceaux, Ministre de la Justice. 4. Paris, 1884. Dénombrement de la population de la France et d'Algérie, 1876. S. Paris, 1878. Documents statistiques réunis par l'administration des douanes sur le commerce de la France. 4. Paris, 1884. Enquête sur la marine marchande. 4. Paris, 1878. Hertslet (Sir Edward, C.B.), The Foreign Office List. Published annually. London, 1884. Les Colonies Françaises en 1883. Paris, 1884. Ministère des Finances: Comptes généraux de l'Administration des Finances. Paris, 1884. Ministère de l'Agriculture: Bulletin. Paris, 1884. Rapport fait au nom de la commission de la réorganisation de l'armée, par M. le Général Chareton. 4. Versailles, 1875. Rapport sur le dernier recensement Française, 1881. Paris, 1883. Situation économique et commerciale de la France. Exposé comparatif pour les quinze années de la période 1865-1879. Paris, 1881. Statistique de la France. Mouvement de la population pendant les années 1875-79. 4. Paris, 1881. Tableau du Commerce général de la France, avec ses Colonies et les Puissances étrangères, pendant l'Année 1883. 4. Paris, 1884. Tableau général des mouvements du cabotage pendant l'année 1883. Direction générale des douanes et des contributions indirectes. 4. Paris, 1884. Tableaux de Population, de Culture, de Commerce, et de Navigation sur les Colonies Françaises. Paris, 1883. ་ Report by Mr. L. S. Sackville West on the Tenure of Land in France, dated Paris, Nov. 19, 1869; in Reports from H.M.'s Representatives respecting the Tenure of Land in the several Countries of Europe.' Part I. Fol. London, 1870. 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Audiffret (Marquis d'), Etat de la fortune nationale et du crédit public de 1789 à 1873. 8. Paris, 1875. Block (Maurice), Annuaire de l'Économie politique et de la Statistique. 1884. 16. Paris, 1884. Carnet de l'Officier de Marine. 6° année, 1884. Paris, 1884. Colle (E.), La France et ses colonies au 19me siècle. 8. Paris, 1878. 8. Paris, 1872. Cucheval-Clarigny (M.), Instruction publique en France. 8. Paris, 1883. David (J.), Le crédit national. 8. Paris, 1872. Delarbre (J.), La marine militaire de la France. 8. Paris, 1881. Hélie (F. A.), Les constitutions de la France. 8. Paris, 1878. Ingouf (J.), L'avenir de la marine et du commerce extérieur de la France. 8. Paris, 1877. Kaufmann (R. F.), Die Finanzen Frankreichs. Leipzig, 1882. Laugel (Auguste), La France politique et sociale. 8. Paris, 1878. Lavergne (Léonce de), Economie rurale de la France. 4me éd. 18. Paris, 1878. Leon (M.), De l'Accroissement de la Population en France et de la Doctrine de Malthus. 8. Paris, 1866. Moussy (N.), Tableau des finances de la France. 8. Paris, 1879. Prat (Th. de), Annuaire protestant: Statistique générale des diverses branches du Protestantisme français. 8. Paris, 1883. Reclus (Elisée), La France. Vol. II. of 'Nouvelle Géographie Universelle.' 8. Paris, 1877. Statistique de la Production de la Soie en France et à l'Etranger. Récolte de 1883. Lyons, 1884. Vuitry (Adolphe), Etude sur le régime financier de la France. 8. Paris, 1879. GERMANY. (DEUTSCHES REICH.) Reigning Emperor and King. Wilhelm I., German Emperor, and King of Prussia, born March 22, 1797, proclaimed German Emperor at Versailles, January 18, 1871 (see Prussia, p. 118). Heir Apparent. Prince Friedrich Wilhelm, born October 18, 1831, eldest son of the Emperor-King; field-marshal in the army of Prussia (see 'Prussia,' p. 118). The Imperial throne has always been filled by election, though with a tendency towards the hereditary principle of succession. Originally, the Emperor was chosen by the vote of all the Princes and Peers of the Reich, but the mode came to be changed in the fourteenth century, when a limited number o. Princes, fixed at seven for a time, and afterwards enlarged to nine, assumed the privilege of disposing of the crown, and, their right being acknowledged, were called Electors. With the overthrow of the old Empire by the Emperor Napoleon, in 1806, the Electoral dignity virtually ceased, although the title of Elector was retained sixty years longer by the sovereigns of Hesse-Cassel, the last of them dethroned in 1866 by Prussia. The election of the present Emperor was by vote of the Reichstag of the North German Confederation, on the initiative of all the reigning Princes of Germany. Since Charlemagne was crowned 'Kaiser' at Rome, on Christmasday in the year 800, there have been the following Emperors: The average duration of reign of the above fifty-five Emperors was seventeen years. 6 Constitution and Government. The Constitution of the Empire bears date April 16, 1871. By its terms, all the states of Germany 'form an eternal union for the protection of the realm and the care of the welfare of the German people.' The supreme direction of the military and political affairs of the Empire is vested in the King of Prussia, who, as such, bears the title of Deutscher Kaiser. According to Art. 11 of the Constitution, the Kaiser represents the Empire internationally,' and can declare war, if defensive, and make peace, as well as enter into treaties with other nations, and appoint and receive ambassadors. To declare war, if not merely defensive, the Kaiser must have the consent of the Bundesrath, or Federal Council, in which body, together with the Reichstag, or Diet of the Realm, are vested the legislative functions of the Empire. The Bundesrath represents the individual states of Germany, and the Reichstag the German nation. The members of the Bundesrath, 62 in number, are appointed by the governments of the individual states for each session, while the members of the Reichstag, 397 in number, are elected by universal suffrage and ballot, for the term of three years. The various states of Germany are represented as follows in the Bundesrath and the Reichstag: - The total number of electors to the Reichstag inscribed on the lists was 9,090,381, or 20 per cent. of the population, at the general election of 1881, while the number of actual voters was 5,324,754 at the same election, or 56 per cent. of the total electors. Of the 397 electoral districts, 21 consist solely of towns, 93 of districts, each containing a town of at least 20,000 inhabitants, and 283 of districts without any large towns. In 252 districts Protestantism is predominant, and in the remainder Roman Catholicism claims the majority. Of electoral districts with 60,000 of a population and under, there were five in 1881; between 60,000 and 80,000, 24; between 80,000 and 100,000, 79; between 100,000 and 120,000, 145; between 120,000 and 140,000, 101; between 140,000 and 160,000, 26; and above 160,000, 17. Of electoral districts with |