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6 despatch boats, 9 other large and 9 small gunboats, 2 artillery ships, 3 sailing brigs, and 20 torpedo boats. Since 1870 Germany has spent about 11,000,000l. in building warships, arsenals, &c. In 1884 a special grant was obtained of 900,000l. for the building and equipment of 70 torpedo boats and submarine batteries on the Baltic coast. In 1885 two ironclad gunboats, the Brummer and Breme, 1,500 horse-power, were on the stocks. The Oldenburg was launched Jan. 1885.

The German navy was manned, according to the budget of 1884-5, by 7,632 under officers, seamen and boys, with 615 officers of all grades, including marine-officers, surgeons, engineers, &c. There were, besides, 1,049 marines; the total personnel connected with the fleet numbering 12,000. The sailors of the fleet and marines are raised by conscription from among the seafaring population, which is exempt on this account from service in the army. Great inducements are held out for able seamen to volunteer in the navy, and the number of these in recent years has been very large. total seafaring population of Germany is estimated at 80,000, of whom 48,000 are serving in the merchant navy at home, and about 6,000 in foreign navies.

The

Germany has three ports of war, at Kiel and Danzig, on the Baltic, and at Wilhelmshaven in the Bay of Jade, on the North Sea. The port of Wilhelmshaven is a vast artificial construction of granite, and comprises five separate harbours, with canals, sluices to regulate the tide, and an array of dry docks for ordinary and ironclad vessels.

Area and Population.

The following table gives the area and population of the twenty-five States of Germany in the order of their areas, and of the Reichsland of Alsace-Lorraine, as returned at the two last census enumerations, taken December 1, 1875, and December 1, 1880:

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At the census of December 1, 1880, the number of males was 22,185,433, and the number of females 23,048,628, being an excess of 863,195 females over males in the total population of the Empire.

The average density of the population is 213 per square mile; excluding Hamburg it is greatest in Saxony, where it reaches 438 per square mile, and least in Mecklenburg-Strelitz, where it is 100 per square mile. Of the total population 41-4 per cent. live in towns of 2,000 inhabitants and above, and 586 in rural communes; in 1875 the former was 39 and the latter 61 per cent. every 100 inhabitants there lived in

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The population of Germany was 23,103,211 in 1816, and in 1837, 30,010,711, representing an average annual increase of nearly 1 per cent. In 1858 it was 35,334,538, an average annual increase of 4 per cent.; in 1867, it was 38,495,926 souls, an average annual increase of per cent. From the census of 1867 to that of 1871, the war intervening, the increase was only at the rate of 0.58 per annum; but from 1871 to 1875 it rose to 1.01 per cent. per annum ; and from 1875 to 1880 to 1.14 per cent.

The increase of population during the last census period was

greatest in the three Free Towns, Bremen, Hamburg, and Lübeck, and, next to them, in Saxony, while it was less in Prussia.

From a special census of the population of Germany taken on June 5, 1882, for the purpose of ascertaining the occupations of the people, it was found that the total population of the empire was 45,213,907, showing an apparent decrease of 20,000 in a year and a half. On the basis of births, deaths, and emigration, the estimated population at the end of 1882 was 45,619,911.

According to the occupation-census of June 5, 1882, the population of Germany was divided as follows:

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Prussia

Bavaria

Saxony.

Württemberg

Baden

11,678,383 226,024 9,393,750 2,725,344 690,892 1,305,657 1,267,810 27,287,860
2,643,968 37,297 1,492,391 435,701 38,908 242,890 377,606 5,268,761
578,592 23,786 1,695,895 360,675 53,584 148,361 153,929 3.014,822
927,282 15,642 674,080 143,258 11,254
752,489 13,086 491,957 140,870 18,161

90,239 1,957,469

95,714

77,785

64,250 1,558,598

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98,631 14,895

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Meckl.-Schwerin

293,348 10,723

137,189

47,783 20,808

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Saxe-Weimar

132,057 3,162

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Meckl.-Strelitz

49,244 1,886

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33,631 3,909

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Brunswick

113,177 6,885

146,616

Saxe-Meiningen

67,819 4,113

38,467 4,443 92,806 15,146 9,955

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Saxe-Altenburg

54,579 1,458

71,730

14,237 1,644

6,523 5,640

155,811

S.-CoburgGotha 65,796 3,880

90,279

16,480 2,988

9,838

8,850

198,111

Anhalt.

75,937 2,481

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Sch.-Rudolstadt 28,701 1,302

38,239

Schw.-Sondersh.

27,959 1,673

5,654 1,459 29,108 5,320

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831

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Reuss (Greiz)

10,734 492

32,298

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Reuss (Schleiz)

26,287 1,758

56,415

8,755

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Schaumb.-Lippe

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413

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609

46,308

6,318

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Lübeck.

8,976 879

23,305 18,580

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75,935 47,114 2,968

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20,530 1,948

195,491 159,721 26,486 28,712

33,628 466,516

627,800 17,803

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Bremen

Hamburg
Alsace-Lorraine

Total Empire. 18,840,818 384,637 16,058,080 4,531,080 938,294 2,222,982 2,246,222 45,222,113

The bulk of the German population is Teutonic, but in the Prussian provinces of Posen, Silesia, West and East Prussia, are 2,454,000 Slavs (Poles); who, with 2,800,000 Walloons and French, 150,000 Lithuanians, 140,000 Danes, and about the same number of Wends, Moravians, and Bohemians, make up 3,205,000 non-Germanic inhabitants, 7 per cent. of the total population.

The following table gives the total number of births, deaths, and marriages, with the surplus of births over deaths, in the whole German Empire, during each of the five years from 1878 to 1882:

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Of the children born in 1882, 911,372 were boys, and 858,128 girls, or an excess of 53,244 of the former over the latter; 67,153, or 3.8 per cent. were still-born, and 164,457, or 9.29 per cent., were illegitimate. The highest percentage of the still-born was in Lower Bavaria, where it was 4:49, and the lowest in Hohenzollern, where it was 1.68; of the illegitimate the highest was in Upper Bavaria, where it was 15.22 per cent., and the lowest in Westphalia, where it was 2.92 per cent.

Emigration, which in recent years assumed larger proportions in Germany than in any other country of Europe, after declining for some time, got a new impetus in 1879 and 1880.

The following are the statistics of extra-European emigrants from Germany by German ports and Antwerp for the last five years :

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There is also a considerable emigration by Havre: in 1881, 10,251; in 1882, 9,590 Germans. The emigrants of 1883 comprised 93,800 men and 73,319 women. The number of families was 26,452, including 98,749 persons. During the sixty-three years from 1820 to 1883 the total emigration to the United States, which absorbs the best classes of emigrants, numbered over three million individuals, and during the last twelve years about a million. It is calculated that each represented, on the average, a money value of 200 marks, or 107., so that the total loss by this emigration amounted to over 30,000,0001. The total number to Brazil during the last 14 years has been 25,875. In the first six months of 1884, 90,301 emigrants

left Germany, as compared with 94,145 in the same period of 1883. The stream of emigration mainly flowed through Hamburg and Bremen. (See Hamburg, page 184, and Bremen, page 188.)

At the date of the last census there were only 275,856 foreigners resident in Germany, of whom 117,547 were Austrians, 28,244 Swiss, 23,593 Danes, 17,772 Dutch, 17,393 French, 15,107 Russians, 11,155 English, 10,326 United States, and 9,901 Swedes and Norwegians.

Trade, Commerce, and Industry of Germany.
See pp. 191-97.

Money, Weights, and Measures.
See p. 198.

Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning

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