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of an assured income, from funds, a trade, or profession; to be on the electoral lists, it is required to be twenty-five years of age, and to be rated at a minimum of 20 mark, or 1. per annum. The representation of the country is calculated at the rate of one deputy to 31,500 souls of the whole population. The Lower House is composed (1884) of 159 representatives.

The executive is carried on, in the name of the king, by a Staatsrath,' or Council of State, consisting of seven members, besides the Ministers and one prince of the blood-royal; and by the Ministry of State, divided into six departments, namely, of the Royal House and of Foreign Affairs, of Justice, of the Interior, of Education and Ecclesiastical Affairs, of Finance, and of War.

Church and Education.

Rather more than seven-tenths of the population of Bavaria are Roman Catholics. The population varied very little, as regards the proportion between Roman Catholics and Protestants, during the last quarter of a century; but during the whole of this period the number of Jews diminished gradually, and there was also a slight decrease in other sects. At the census of December, 1875, the total number of Roman Catholics in the kingdom was 3,573,142, and of Protestants 1,392,120, the proportion being 712 Roman Catholics to 277 Protestants in every 1,000 of the population. At the following census of December, 1880, there were 3,748,032 Roman Catholics, and 1,477.312 Protestants, the proportion being 709 Roman Catholics to 279 Protestants in every 1,000 of the population.

The religious division of the population in each of the eight provinces of the kingdom was as follows at the last census taken December 1, 1880::

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Included under the head' Other Sects' in the above table were 3,775 'Mennonites ;' 379 Irvingites; 216 Greek Catholics; and 819Free Christians.'

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As regards ecclesiastical administration, the kingdom is divided into 2 Roman Catholic archbishoprics, those of Munich and Bamberg; 6 bishoprics; 171 deaneries; and 2,756 parishes. The Protestant Church is under a General Consistory 'Ober-Consistorium — and three provincial consistories. Of the three universities of the kingdom, two, at Munich and Würzburg, are Roman Catholic, and one, at Erlangen, Protestant. (For number of professors and students in 1883, see Germany, page 105.) Among the Roman Catholics there is one clergyman to 464 souls; among the Protestants, one to 1,013. In the budget for 1882-3, the sum of 164,8207. is set down for the Catholic Church, 87,4831. for the Protestant, and 7001. for Jews.

Elementary schools-Volksschulen '-exist in all parishes, and school attendance is compulsory for all children from six till the age of fourteen. In 1880 there were 5,478 Catholic schools, 772 Protestant, 180 Jewish. In the budget for 1884 the sum of 290,6331. is set down for elementary schools.

Revenue and Expenditure.

The

The Bavarian budget is voted for a period of two years. gross public revenue of Bavaria for the financial year ending Dec. 31, 1883, was 277,447,131 mark, or 138,723,5261., with an expenditure of 234,082,935, or 11,704,1467. The estimated revenue and expenditure for 1883 was 11,435,2667. The sources of revenue and branches of expenditure were reported as follows for each of the financial years 1884 and 1885 :—

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SOURCES OF REVENUE AND BRANCHES OF EXPENDITURE--Continued.

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The direct taxes are a trade-tax, land-tax, property-tax, and income-tax.

Bavaria has a considerable debt, created in part by the deficits of former years, and in part by the construction of public works, especially railways.

The debt of Bavaria increased from 27,927,4207. in 1859 to 67,327,3731. in 1884, 47,323,0201. of which being railway debt.

The greater number of the railways in Bavaria, constructed at a cost of 801,500,000 mark, or 40,075,000l., are the property of the State. The debt incurred for the State railways is so large that it requires an annual charge of 37,983,059 mark (1884-5), and as the estimated receipts from these railways amounted only to 37,176,924 mark in 1884-5, the deficit had to be raised from other sources to meet this deficit during the next finance period.

Army.

The contribution of Bavaria to the Imperial Army in 1884-5 was as follows:

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The Bavarian Army forms an integral part of the Imperial Army,

having, in peace, its own administration.

Area and Population.

The kingdom embraces an area of 75859 square kilomètres, or 29,375 English square miles, with a population of 5,284,778-males 2,578,910, females 2,705,868-according to the last German census, taken December 1, 1880. Bavaria is divided, for administrative purposes, into eight Regierungsbezirke, or government districts. The following table gives the area, in English square miles, and the population of each of the eight districts, according to the two census returns of December 1, 1875, and of December 1, 1880:

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It will be seen that there was an increase of population in all the districts, the increase being greatest in Upper Bavaria.

The increase of population in the kingdom has been comparatively small within the last half-century. In 1840 it was 4,370,974. On the basis of births, deaths, and emigration the population at the end of 1882 was 5,343,515.

The great fluctuations in the rate of increase, extremely low on the whole, are referred to emigration. There is a large emigration from Bavaria; in 1881 there were 17,106 emigrants from Bavaria by German ports and Antwerp to countries outside Europe; in 1882, 17,640; and in 1883, 17,986. In the 13 years 1871-83, 106,994.

In Bavaria in 1882 there were 37,801 marriages, 209,264 births, and 160,217 deaths, the excess of births over deaths being thus 49,047. Included in the births are 7,050 still-born, or 3.37 per cent. of the whole, and 28,530 illegitimate children, or 13.63 of the whole.

In 1881 the number of poor receiving relief was 160,650, the sum expended on them being 300,8967. Of the total number, 103,507 were permanent paupers.

The soil of the kingdom is divided among 1,040,870 proprietors.

The division is greatest in the Rhenish Palatinate—viz., 241,217, and smallest in Lower Bavaria-viz. 85,187. Of the total population 51 per cent. are dependent on agriculture, and 28 per cent. on manufactures, mining, &c.

The population of the principal towns of the kingdom was as follows at the census of Dec. 1, 1880:

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Of the total area of Bavaria nearly one-half is under cultivation, one-sixth under grass, and one-third under forests; about 50,000 acres are under vines. The total value of its mining products and smelting works in 1882 was 505,2001. Beer is an important industry in Bavaria, the average quantity manufactured in 1882-83 being 266 million gallons; of this, however, only about 20 million gallons were exported.

In 1884, Bavaria had 3,150 miles of railway, of which 2,680 miles belonged to the State.

British Chargé d'Affaires.—Hugh G. MacDonell.

III. WÜRTTEMBERG.

(KÖNIGREICH WÜRTTEMBERG.)

Reigning King.

Karl I., King of Württemberg, born March 6, 1823; ascended the throne at the death of his father, King Wilhelm I., June 25, 1864. Married, July 13, 1846, to Queen Olga, born Sept. 11, 1822, daughter of the late Emperor Nicholas I. of Russia.

Sisters of the King.

I. Princess Maria, born October 30, 1816; married March 19, 1840, to Alfred Count von Neipperg; widow, November 16, 1865.

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