8,692; in 1881, 11,470; in 1882, 9,927; and in 1883, 9,792; in the 13 years 1871–83, 61,050.

The kingdom has but seven towns with more than sixteen thousand inhabitants-namely, Stuttgart, the capital, which had 117,303; Ulm, fortress and principal military establishment, which had 32,773; Heilbronn, which had 24,446; Esslingen, which had 20,758 ; Reutlingen, 16,609; Cannstadt, 16,205; and Ludwigsburg, 16,100 inhabitants at the census of December 1, 1880. The population follows generally agricultural pursuits, including extensive cultivation of the vine.

Of the total area three-fifths is under culture and three-tenths under forest.

Württemberg has 973 miles of railway, all but 10 miles belonging to the State.

British Minister.-Sir Henry Barron, Bart., C.M.G.

IV. SAXONY.

(KÖNIGREICH SACHSEN.)
Reigning King.

Albert I., born April 23, 1828, eldest son of King Johann I. and of Queen Amalie, daughter of King Maximilian I. of Bavaria. Educated for the military career, and entered the army of Saxony, 1846, and of Prussia, 1867. Commander of the German Army of the Meuse in the war against France, 1870–71. Nominated FieldMarshal in the German army, 1871. Succeeded to the throne, at the death of his father, October 29, 1873. Married June 18, 1853, to Queen Caroline, born Aug. 5, 1833, daughter of Prince Gustav of Vasa.

Sister and Brother of the King.

1. Princess Elisabeth, born Feb. 4, 1830; married, in 1850, to Prince Ferdinand of Sardinia; widow, Feb. 10, 1855; married, in second nuptials, Oct. 10, 1856, to the Marchese Rapallo, of Florence.

II. Prince Georg, Duke of Saxony, born August 8, 1832; married May 11, 1859, to Infanta Maria, born July 21, 1843 (died February 5, 1884), daughter of King Ferdinand of Portugal. Offspring of the union are six children :-1. Princess Mathilda, born March 19, 1863. 2. Prince Friedrich August, born May 25, 1865. 3. Princess Marie, born May 31, 1867. 4. Prince Johann Georg, born July 11, 1869. 5. Prince Maximilian, born November 17, 1870. 6. Prince Albert, born February 25, 1875.

The royal house of Saxony counts among the oldest reigning families in Europe. It gave an emperor to Germany as early as

the beginning of the tenth century; but the house subsequently spread into numerous branches, the elder of which, called the Ernestine line, is represented at this moment by the ducal families of Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Saxe-Meiningen, and SaxeWeimar, while the younger, the Albertine line, lives in the rulers of the kingdom of Saxony.

King Albert I. has a civil list of 2,940,000 mark, or 147,000l. per annum. Exclusive of this sum are the appanages, or dotations of the princes and princesses, amounting to 320,414 mark, or 16,0201. a year. The formerly royal domains, consisting chiefly in extensive forests, became, in 1830, the property of the State.

Constitution and Government.

The present Constitution of Saxony dates from Sept. 4, 1831; but has undergone alterations and modifications by the laws of March 31, 1849; May 5, 1851; November 26, 1860; October 19, 1861; December 3, 1868; and October 12, 1874. According to the terms of the Constitution, the crown is hereditary in the male line; but, at the extinction of the latter, also in the female line. The sovereign comes of age at the completed eighteenth year, and, during his minority, the nearest heir to the throne takes the regency. In the hands of the king is the sole executive power, which he exercises through responsible ministers. The legislature is jointly in the king and Parliament, the latter consisting of two chambers. The Upper Chamber comprises the princes of the blood royal; the proprietors of mediatized domains now held by five owners; twelve deputies elected by the owners of other nobiliar estates; ten noble proprietors and five other members without restriction nominated by the king for life; the burgomasters of eight towns; and the superintendents and deputies of five collegiate institutions, of the university of Leipzig, and of the Roman Catholic chapter of St. Peter at Bautzen. The Lower Chamber is made up of thirty-five deputies of towns and forty-five representatives of rural communes. The qualification for a seat in the Upper House, as well as the right of election to the same, is the possession of a landed estate worth at least 3,000 mark a year; which qualification, however, is not required by the ex officio deputies of chapters and universities. To be a member of the Lower House, no fixed income is required; and electors are all men above twenty-five years of age who pay 3 marks annual land-tax or other direct contribution, or who own land with a dwelling-house. A salary is attached to the performance of the legislative functions; the members of both houses being allowed 128. per day during the sittings of Parliament, with journey money. Both Houses have the right to make propositions

for new laws. No taxes can be made, levied, or altered without the sanction of both Chambers.

The executive is in the king and a Council of Ministers, namely, the Ministers of Justice, of Finance, of the Interior and the Royal House, of War, of Foreign Affairs, of Education and Ecclesiastical Affairs. Church and Education.

Although the royal family profess the Roman Catholic religion, the vast majority of the inhabitants are Protestants. At the census of December 1, 1880, the population of Saxony was composed of 2,886,806 Protestants; 74,333 Catholics; 4,809 other Christian sects; 6,518 Jews; 339 unclassified, or without religion.' The clergy are chiefly paid out of local rates and from endowments, the budget contribution of the State to the department of ecclesiastical affairs amounting to but 9,650., chiefly spent in administrative salaries. The government of the Protestant Church is entrusted to the Landes-Consistorium, or National Consistory. In 1881 there were 3,989 elementary and preparatory schools, besides 76 high and technical schools, the total number of pupils being 603,054. Public education has reached the highest point in Saxony, every child, without exception, partaking of its benefits. Attendance at school, or under properly qualified teachers, is compulsory, and the system of elementary and other education is similar to that of most other German States, the total sum allotted in the budget of 1882-83 for education was 250,000l., of which 80,5417. was for elementary education.

The kingdom has the second largest university in Germany, that of Leipzig, founded in 1409, and attended, on the average of recent years, by three thousand matriculated students. (See Germany, p. 105.) Revenue and Expenditure.

In the

The financial period extends over a term of two years. financial accounts, both the revenue and expenditure are divided into' ordinary' and 'extraordinary,' the latter representing disbursements for public works. The ordinary revenue for each of the two years 1883-4 and 1884-5 was returned at 69,923,022 mark, or 3,496,1517., and was balanced by the expenditure. About onehalf of the total revenue of the years 1884 and 1885 was derived from domains, forests, and state railways. The total direct taxes (apart from Imperial) in 1884 and 1885 amounted to 899,9751., or 6s. per head of population; the charge for indirect taxes (which are chiefly Imperial) being about 12s. per head. The revenue from railways alone amounted to 1,357,8907. There was besides an extraordinary revenue and expenditure of 882,8351. The chief branch of expenditure is that of interest and sinking fund of the public debt, amounting to 30,902,317 mark, or 1,045,1157., for the years 1884 and 1885.

The public debt amounted, on January 1, 1884, to 664,599,825 mark, or 33,279,9917. The debt was incurred almost entirely for the establishment and purchase of a network of railways and telegraphs, and the promotion of other works of public utility.

The total capital invested in State railways in 1882 was 580,823,950 marks, or. 29,041,1977.

The total income of all classes of the population in 1881 was estimated at 55,574,7057.

Saxony furnishes to the Imperial Army 1884-5, 1,136 officers, 27,606 men, and 5,130 horses.

Area and Population.

Saxony has an area of 272 German, or 6,777 English square miles, with a population of 2,972,805—comprising 1,445,330 males, and 1,527,475 females-at the census of December 1, 1880. The kingdom is divided into four government districts, called KreisHauptmannschaften, the area of which, in English square miles, and population, was as follows at each of the two enumerations of December 1, 1875, and December 1, 1880:—

At the census of December 3, 1867, the population numbered 2,426,300. The increase in the four years 1867-71 was 129,944, being at the rate of 1.30 per cent. per annum. The increase of population during the four years 1871-75 was at the rate of 1.92 per cent. per annum ; and in the five years 1875-80 1.48 per annum. The increase was nearly thrice as large in the towns as in the rural districts of the kingdom. The estimated population at the end of 1882 was 3,033,103.

Besides the German population, Saxony has 51,410 Wends, most of them in the district of Bautzen. The number of marriages in Saxony in 1882 was 26,662; births, 131,664; deaths, 91,242, leaving a surplus of births of 40,422. Included in the births were 5,008, or 3.80 still-born, and 17,345, or 13·17 illegitimate children. There were 9,241 emigrants from Saxony in 1881, 7,439 in 1882, and 6,281 in 1883. The density of population is high, being 438 per square mile, rising in the Leipzig district to nearly 600.1

Saxony has a comparatively large town population. The urban population in 1880 numbered 1,223,342, and the rural 1,750,463. There were, in June 1882, 10 towns with a population of more than 20,000, namely:

The last five have decreased in population since 1880. The population of Leipzig is vastly increased during the period of the great annual fairs, at New Year, Easter, and Michaelmas, notably that of Easter, which bring together merchants from all parts of the civilised world. Leipzig is also the centre of the German, and to some extent European, trade in productions of the printing press.

Considerable quantities of coal are obtained in Saxony; in 1883, 3,711,690 tons.

In 1884 there were 1,348 miles of railway.

British Chargé d'Affaires.- George Strachey. British Consul-General.— Baron Von Tauchnitz (Leipzig).

V. BADEN.
(GROSSHERZOGTHUM BADEN.)

Reigning Grand-duke.

Friedrich I., born September 9, 1826, second son of Grand-duke Leopold I., and of Princess Sophie of Sweden. Ascended the throne of Baden at the death of his father, April 24, 1852. Married, September 20, 1856, to Grand-duchess Louise, born December 3, 1838, the daughter of King Wilhelm I. of Prussia.

Children of the Grand-duke.

I. Friedrich Wilhelm, born July 9, 1857.

II. Victoria, born August 7, 1862. Married September 20, 1881, to Crown Prince Gustaf of Sweden.

III. Ludwig, born June 12, 1865.

Brothers and Sisters of the Grand-duke.

I. Princess Alexandrine, born December 6, 1820; married, May 3, 1842, to Duke Ernst of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.

II. Prince Wilhelm, born December 18, 1829; married, February