The same law ordered the substitution of the mark, as the general coin. There are gold 5-mark, 10-mark, and 20-mark pieces, the first called Halbe Krone, or half-crown, the second Krone, or crown, and the third Doppel-Krone, or double-crown.

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

The French metrical system of weights and measures came into force in Germany on January 1, 1872. The names of the decimal

weights and measures and the British equivalents are:

Deutscher Reichs- und König. Preussischer Staats-Anzeiger. Berlin, 1884. German White Books. Official correspondence relating to Angra Pequeña, New Guinea, and Fiji. 3 vols. Berlin, 1884.

Königlich Preussischer Staats-Kalender für 1884. 8. Berlin, 1884.

Preussische Statistik, herausgegeben vom Königlich Statistischen Büreau in Berlin. fol. Berlin, 1884.

Jahrbuch für die amtliche Statistik des Preussischen Staates. 5 vols. 8. Berlin, 1863-83.

Die Volkzahlung im Deutschen Reiche am 1 Dec. 1880. Erster Theil. Berlin, 1883.

Herausgegeben von Kaiser8. Berlin, 1884.

Monatshefte zur Statistik des Deutschen Reichs, für das Jahr 1881. Herausgegeben von Kaiserlichen Statistischen Amt. 4. Berlin, 1884. Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Deutsche Reich. lichen Statistischen Amt. Dritter Jahrgang 1884. Zeitschrift des Königl. Preussischen statistischen Büreaus. 4. Berlin, 1884. Amtliche Liste der Schiffe der Deutschen Kriegs-und Handels-Marines. Berlin, 1884.

Production der Bergwerke, Salinen und Hütten im Preussischen Staate im Jahre 1883. 4. Berlin, 1884.

Statistik des Deutschen Reichs. Herausgegeben vom Kaiserlichen statistischem Amt. 4. Berlin, 1873-84.

Statistik der Deutschen Reichs-Post und Telegraphen Verwaltung für das Kalenderjahr 1883. 4. Berlin, 1884.

C

६

Statistik der Seeschiffahrt für 1883. Berlin, 1884.

Staatshandbuch für das Königreich Sachsen. Dresden, 1884.

Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreichs Bayern. 8. München, 1884. Königlich Württembergisches Hof- und Staats-Handbuch, herausgeg. von dem Königl. Statistisch-topographischem Büreau. 8. Stuttgart, 1884.

Statistik des Hamburgischen Staats. 4. Hamburg, 1884.

Angra Pequeña. Copy of Despatch from the Earl of Derby to H.M.'s High Commission in S. Africa relative to the establishment of a German Protectorate at Angra Pequeña and along the coast. London, 1884.

Hertslet (Sir Edward, C.B.), Foreign Office List. Published annually. London, 1884.

Report by Mr. Dudley E. Saurin on the Industry and Agriculture of Württemberg, dated Stuttgart, December 20, 1875; in Reports by H.M.'s Secretaries of Embassy and Legation.' Part I, 1876. 8. London, 1876.

Report by Mr. Henry Nevill Dering on the commerce and industry of Germany, dated Berlin, December 20, 1878; in 'Reports by H.M.'s Secretaries of Embassy and Legation.' Part I. 1879. 8. London, 1879.

Report by Mr. Edmund W. Cope, Secretary of Embassy, on the finances of Bavaria, dated Munich, December 31, 1879; in Reports of H.M.'s Secretaries of Embassy and Legation.' Part I. 1889. 8. London, 1880.

Report by Mr. Gosselin on the Census of 1880, on the Imperial Budget for 1883-4, and on Emigration from Germany in 1881-2, in Part III.; and on the Budget of 1884-5 in Part V.; and by Mr. Cope on trade, agriculture, &c. of Bavaria, in Part V. of Reports of H.M.'s Secretaries of Embassy.' 1883. Report by Sir John Walsham on the purchase by the State of private railways in Prussia, in Reports from H.M.'s Diplomatic Agents Abroad,' Part VIII. 1883.

Report by Mr. Scott on the Prussian Budget of 1884-5, in Report of H.M.'s Secretary of Embassy.' Part III. 1884. London, 1884.

Report on the Commercial Situation of Germany at the close of 1883, in 'Reports of the Consuls of the United States.' No. 38, 1884. Washington, 1884.

Report on the Trade and Commerce of Dantzig and Hamburg, in Part I.; of Frankfort-on-Maine, in Part II.; of Cologne, in Part IV.; of Cuxhaven, Hamburg, Lübeck, Stettin, and Weimar, in Part VI.; of Frankfort and Königsberg, in Part IX. of Reports of H.M.'s Consuls,' 1884. London, 1884. Trade of Germany with the United Kingdom; in Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions for the year 1883.' Imp. 4. London, 1884.

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Baring-Gould (J.), Germany, Past and Present. 2 vols. 8. London, 1881. Böhmert (Dr. Victor), Zeitschrift des K. Sächsischen Statistischen Bureaus. 4. Leipzig, 1884.

Büttner (C. G.); Das Hinterland von Walfischbai und Angra Pequeña. Heidelberg, 1884.

Cohen (J.), Etudes sur l'Empire d'Allemagne. 8. Paris, 1879.

Eintheilung und Standquartiere des Deutschen Reichs-Heeres, Nebst-einer Uebersicht der Kaiserlichen Marine. Berlin, 1884.

Engel (Dr. Ernst): Die Verluste der Deutschen Armeen im Kriege gegen Frankreich 1870 und 1871. Fol. Berlin, 1873.

Engel (Dr. Ernst), Genealogie der Europäischen Regentenhäuser für 1880. 8. Berlin, 1879.

Fircks (A. Freiherr von), Die Volkskraft Deutschland's und Frankreich's. Statistische Skizze. 8. Berlin, 1875.

Franco-German War, 1870-71. Authorised translation. 4 vols. London,

1881-3.

Gothaischer genealogischer Hof-Kalender auf das Jahr 1885. 32. Gotha,1884. Handbuch für das Deutsche Reich auf das Jahr. 1884. Berlin, 1884. Hassenstein (B.), Die deutschen Besitzungen in West-Afrika. Map. Gotha,

1884.

Hubbe-Schleiden. Deutsche Colonisation. Hamburg, 1881.

Jung (K. E.), Deutsche Kolonien. Leipzig, 1883.

Kalender und Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Königreich Sachsen, auf das Jahr 1885. Dresden, 1884.

Kleines Staatshandbuch des Reichs und der Einzelstaaten. Jahrgang 1884. Leipzig, 1884.

Legoyt (Alfred), Forces matérielles de l'Empire d'Allemagne. 18. Paris, 1878.

Neumann (G.), Das Deutsche Reich in geographischer, statistischer und topographischer Beziehung. 2 vols. 8. Berlin, 1872-74.

Nicolson (A.), A Sketch of the German Constitution, and of the Events in Germany from 1815 to 1871. 8. London, 1875.

Reclus (Elisée), Nouvelle Géographie Universelle. Vol. III. Paris, 1878. Statistisches Jahrbuch der höhern Schulen Deutschlands. Leipzig, 1883-4. Waitz (Georg), Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte. 5 vols. 8. Kiel, 1871–74.

GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. (UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.)

Reigning Queen and Empress.

Victoria, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, and Empress of India, born at Kensington Palace, London, May 24, 1819, the daughter of Edward, Duke of Kent, fourth son of King George III., and of Princess Victoria of Saxe-Saalfeld-Coburg, widow of Prince Emich of Leiningen. Ascended the throne at the death of her uncle, King William IV., June 20, 1837; crowned at Westminster Abbey, June 28, 1838. Married, Feb. 10, 1840, to Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha; widow, Dec. 14, 1861.

Children of the Queen.

1. Princess Victoria, born Nov. 21, 1840; married, Jan. 25, 1858, to Prince Friedrich Wilhelm, eldest son of Wilhelm I., German Emperor and King of Prussia. (See page 118.)

II. Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, born Nov. 9, 1841; married, March 10, 1863, to Princess Alexandra, eldest daughter of King Christian IX. of Denmark. Offspring of the union are five children: -I. Albert Victor, born Jan. 8, 1864. 2. George, born June 3, 1865. 3. Louise, born Feb. 20, 1867. 4. Alexandra, born July 6, 1868. 5. Maud, born Nov. 26, 1869.

III. Prince Alfred, duke of Edinburgh, born Aug. 6, 1844; entered the royal navy, Aug. 31, 1858; married, Jan. 21, 1874, to Grandduchess Marie of Russia, only daughter of Emperor Alexander II. Offspring of the union are four children:-1. Alfred, born Oct. 15, 1874. 2. Marie, born October 29, 1875. 3. Victoria, born November 25, 1876. 4. Alexandra, born September 1, 1878. 5. Beatrice, born April 20, 1884.

IV. Princess Helena, born May 25, 1846; married, July 5, 1866, to Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, born Jan. 22, 1831. Offspring of the union are four children: -1. Christian, born April 14, 1867. 2. Albert John, born Feb. 26, 1869. 3. Victoria, born May 3, 1870. 4. Louise, born Aug. 12, 1872.

V. Princess Louise, born March 18, 1848; married, March 21, 1871, to John Douglas Sutherland, Marquis of Lorne, born Aug. 6, 1845, eldest son of the Duke of Argyll.

VI. Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, born May 1, 1850; married, March 13, 1879, to Princess Louise of Prussia, born July 25, 1860. Offspring of the union:-1. Margaret Victoria, born Jan. 15, 1882. 2. Arthur, born January 13, 1883.

VII. Princess Beatrice, born April 14, 1857.

Grandchildren of the Queen.

Alice Mary Victoria, born February 25, 1883, and Leopold, born July 19, 1884, children of the late Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany, fourth son of the Queen, and Princess Helena of Waldeck. (See also p. 157.)

Cousins of the Queen.

1. Prince Ernest August, Duke of Cumberland, born Sept. 21, 1845, the grandson of Duke Ernest August of Cumberland, fifth son of King George III.; married December 21, 1878, to Princess Thyra of Denmark, born September 29, 1853. Offspring of the union, 1. Mary, born Oct. 1879. 2. George, born Oct. 28, 1880. 3. Alexandra, born Sept. 29, 1882.

II. Prince George, Duke of Cambridge, born March 26, 1819, the son of Duke Adolph of Cambridge, sixth son of King George III.; field-marshal commanding-in-chief the British army.

III. Princess Augusta, sister of the preceding, born July 19, 1822; married, June 28, 1843, to Grand-Duke Friedrich Wilhelm of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. (See page 164.)

1833;

IV. Princess Mary, sister of the preceding, born Nov. 27, married, June 12, 1866, to Prince Franz von Teck, born Aug. 27, 1837, son of Prince Alexander of Württemberg, and of Claudine Rhéday, Countess von Hohenstein. Offspring of the union are four children:-1. Victoria, born May 26, 1867. 2. Albert, born Aug. 13, . 1868. 3. Franz Josef, born Jan. 9, 1870. 4. Alexander, born April 14, 1874.

Aunt of the Queen.

Princess Augusta, born July 25, 1797, the daughter of Landgrave Friedrich of Hesse-Cassel; married, May 7, 1818, to Duke Adolphus of Cambridge, youngest son of King George III.; widow, July 8, 1850.

The Queen reigns in her own right, holding the crown both by inheritance and election. Her legal title rests on the statute of 12 & 13 Will. III. c. 3, by which the succession to the crown of Great Britain and Ireland was settled, on the death of King William and Queen Anne, without issue, on the Princess Sophia of Hanover, and the heirs of her body, being Protestants. The inheritance thus limited descended to George I., son and heir of Princess Sophia, and it has ever since continued in a regular course of descent.

The civil list of the Queen consists in a fixed Parliamentary grant, and amounts to much less than the income of previous sovereigns. By the Revolution of 1688, the duty of the king to bear the expenses of government out of the State income allotted to him was abolished, and certain portions of the income of the country