In Austria there were 10,819,737 males and 11,324,507 females; in Hungary 7,702,810 males and 7,939,192 females.

The total civil population of Austria Proper on January 1, 1884, was 22,494,021, and of the Hungarian lands in 1882 was 16,118,203. It was decided at the Congress of Berlin that the provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Sanjak of Novi Bazar should be occupied and administered by Austria-Hungary.

To this should be added 27,000 military.

Of the total number of inhabitants in Bosnia and Herzegovina 448,613 are Mohammedans, 496,761 Greek-Orthodox, 209,391 (with 4 eparchies), Roman Catholics (with 3 bishoprics), 3,439 are Jews, and the rest belong to different faiths. It was stated in 1883 that the Mohammedans were leaving Bosnia by tens of thousands.

Practically belonging to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, though not incorporated with it by any treaty, is the small principality of Liechtenstein, enclosed in the Austrian province of Tyrol and Vorarlberg, with an area of 68 English square miles, and a population of 9,124 in 1880, nearly all Roman Catholics. The inhabitants of the principality pay no taxes, nor are they liable to military service.

The following table exhibits the number of births, deaths, and marriages, with the surplus of births, in both Austria Proper and the lands of the Hungarian Crown, for a quinquennial period, according to the latest official returns:—

one-half the births were illegitimate; in Lower Austria, Salzburg, Styria, one-fourth; in Upper Austria, one-fifth; the lowest was in Tyrol and Vorarlberg, 5 per cent. At the end of 1881 there were 12,155 criminals in the prisons of Austria. In institutions for the poor in 1880 there were 199,215 persons.

Included in the number of births in 1882 there were 10,164, or 1.6 per cent. children still-born. Of the total births 51,182 were illegitimate, or 8.3 per cent. of the whole.

In 1879, 5,929 emigrants left Austria, and in 1880, 10,145; in 1880, 11,000 emigrants left Hungary.

The ethnical elements of the population are as follow on the basis of language :—

In Austria 2,275,117 of the population were returned as farming their own lands, 90,036 as tenant-farmers, and 3,739,421 as farm-labourers; or 6,000,000 people directly engaged in agriculture; with their families they form nearly 60 per cent. of the population of Austria. There were 1,305 mining proprietors and 116,565 workers; 575,811 manufacturing proprietors and 1,541,287 workers; 185,405 traders with 124,668 assistants. In Hungary there were 1,451,707 farm-proprietors, 23,393 tenant-farmers, and 1,373,768 farm-labourers, or over 2,720,000 people directly en

gaged in agriculture; 173 mining proprietors and 25,732 miners; 380,786 engaged in manufactures with 385,630 workers; 97,300 engaged in trade with 79,995 assistants.

The following were the populations of the principal towns of Austria-Hungary in 1880:—

The commerce of Austria-Hungary, comprising imports and exports of merchandise, but not bullion, for the whole of the empire, except the province of Dalmatia—not within the Imperial line of customs-was as follows in each of the ten years 1873 to 1882 (taking the florin 28.) :

=

1877 55,522,705

£ 1873 58,308,231 1874 56,870,360 1875 55,254,886 50,446,726 1880 61,350,000 1876 51,696,435 50,965,872 1881 66,203,221 1882

£

£

£

43,361,070

1878

52,100,000

65,470,251

44,926,677 1879

55,330,000

68,401,854

67,599,443

64,184,479

73,147,061

65,417,374

78,189,277

The exports for 1883 were valued at 74,992,0517. The share of Hungary in the exports of 1883 was 7,244,7801.

The following table shows the routes by which the commerce of 1883 left the country :

:

The following table shows the value of the leading articles of export in 1883 :—

The value of gold, silver, and bullion exported in 1883 was 415,4087.

About two-thirds of the whole commerce of the Austrian Empire, both as regards imports and exports, is carried on with Germany. The next important market for Austria is Roumania, the importations of which into the Empire average 4,000,000l. in value, and the exports to which are about 5,000,000l. sterling; Roumania is followed by Italy and Russia. Of the total commerce sixsevenths is by land and the remainder by sea, mainly through

Trieste.

The special trade of Hungary was divided as follows for 1883: imports from Austria, 18,600,000l.; other countries, 6,400,000%.; exports to Austria, 22,000,000l.; other countries, 13,544,000l. Of the imports, 35 per cent. consisted of textiles; 7.69 per cent. cattle, &c.; iron and ironwares, 5.96 per cent.; the remainder being corn, rice, machinery, and leather goods. Of the exports corn and flour constituted 39.66 per cent.; cattle, 12.67 per cent.; wine and other beverages, 6.63 per cent.; wool and woollens, 5.31 per cent.; altogether 70 per cent. of exports are agricultural produce.

The commercial intercourse of Austria with the United Kingdom is comparatively small, and appears in the official returns even smaller than it is in reality owing to the geographical position of the Empire, which necessitates the transit of many Austrian goods destined for the British market, and vice versâ, through other countries, as the imports or exports of which they come to figure. In the Board of Trade Returns only the direct imports and exports are given. The declared real value of the direct exports and imports in the ten years from 1874 to 1883 is shown in the following table::

The staple article exported to the United Kingdom from Austria is corn and flour, the total value of which, in the year 1883, amounted to 1,890,0931. This comprised barley, valued 173,2437.; wheat, valued 13,4667., and wheat flour, valued 1,678,5737.

The principal imports of British and Irish produce into Austria are cotton manufactures and iron, the former of the value of 257,8821., and the latter of 99,9607. in 1883. Among the minor articles of British imports are jute manufactures, 38,8671.; machinery, 62,1527.; oil-seed, 101,4117.; coals, 25,9731.; and woollen goods, 44,914.

Of the total area of Austria-Hungary 94 per cent. is productive. The total acreage of Austria proper under crops, fallow and grass, is 46,108,070; under woods and forests, 23,280,412; meadows and perennial pasture, 11,310,533 acres. In 1883 the leading agricultural products were as follow::

The total value of the landed property of Austria is estimated (1880) at 772,134,9007., and the gross annual production at 175,644,2437. In 1880 Austria possessed 1,463,282 horses (owned by 649,880 proprietors), 8,584,077 cattle (2,122,931 proprietors), 3,841,340 sheep (408,867 proprietors), 2,721,541 swine