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The decennial rate of increase was 10-75 per cent., which was considerably higher than the rate in any of the three preceding decades, in which it had been successively 2.5, 57, and 8'6. This gradual rise in the rate of increase in each successive decade since 1841-51 was due in the main, though not entirely, to the fact that the decrease of the population of Ireland, which in 1841-51 was at the rate of 19.8 per cent., has become less and less in each succeeding decennium. If Ireland be excluded from the calculation, it will be found that the rate of increase for the remainder of the United Kingdom was very nearly uniform. It will be seen that the population of Ireland has during the last five years decreased to the extent of 303,055, or at the rate of 5.7 per cent. for the five years.

Subjoined is a more detailed statistical account of the population of 1. England and Wales; 2. Scotland; 3. Ireland; and 4. Islands in the British Seas.

1. England and Wales.

England and Wales, taken by themselves, are more densely populated than any other country in Europe, except Belgium. On an area of 58,186 square miles, or 37,239,351 acres, there lived, on the 3rd of April 1881, according to the census, 25,974,439 inhabitants, or 446 individuals per square mile. In 1871 the density was 390 per square mile; in 1861, 345; in 1851, 308; and in 1801, 153. The population of England and Wales was as follows at the nine enumerations, 1801 to 1881:

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The following table shows the area, in statute acres, number of inhabited houses, and population of each of the 52 counties of England and Wales, at the date of the census of 1881 :

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The number of inhabited houses in England and Wales in 1881 was 4,831,519, and uninhabited, 386,676; building, 46,414; against 4,259,117 inhabited; 261,345 uninhabited; building, 37,803 in 1871.

More than one-fourth of the total urban population, and more than one-sixth of the total population of England and Wales is concentrated in the metropolis. The limits of the metropolis were defined by the Registrar-General in the census returns of 1881, as consisting of an 'Inner Ring' and an 'Outer Ring,' the former subdivided into a 'Central Area' and 'Rest of Inner Ring.' The following table gives the results of both censuses in 1871 and in 1881:

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The night population of the City of London proper, within the municipal and parliamentary limits, was only 50,652, on the night of April 4, 1881; in 1871, it was 74,897. The day population at the date of the last census was 261,061.

The following is the division of the population according to occupation:

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Twenty-eight cities and towns have been selected for the publication of the rates of mortality. Those comprised, in 1881, a total population of 9,310,933, being more than a third of the entire population of England and Wales. The increase of population in the decennial period from 1871 to 1881 amounted to 16.9 per cent. The population of these twenty-eight cities and towns (municipal boroughs) was as follows in 1881 and 1884.

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The town population in 1871 was 12,910,647, and in 1881, 15,445,296; the rural population in 1871 was 9,801,619, and in 1881, 10,529,143. The rate of increase of the former during the decade was 19.63 per cent., and of the latter only 7.42 per cent.

Subjoined is the birth, death, and marriage rate of the population of England and Wales, for the ten years from 1874 to 1883, with the estimated population for the middle of each year:—

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The mean marriage rate in the ten years from 1871–80 was 1.62, birth-rate 3.54, and death-rate 2.14.

The average proportion of illegitimate births in 1882 was 4.9 per cent.; the minimum being 3.5 per cent. in Essex, and the maximum 8.4 in Westmoreland.

The proportion of male to female children born in England is as 104,810 to 100,000. But as the former suffer from a higher rate of mortality than the latter, the equilibrium between the sexes is restored about the tenth year of life, and is finally changed, by emigration, war, and perilous male occupations, to the extent that there are 100,000 women, of all ages, to 94,900 men in England. The number of paupers, exclusive of vagrants and ‘casual poor,' in receipt of relief in the several unions and parishes, was as follows, on the 1st January, for the ten years from 1875 to 1884 :

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