far as Thebes; then across the isthmus of Corinth, throughout the ancient Argolis, in the southern districts of Eubœia, and a few of the neighbouring isles. On the other hand, there are large numbers of Greeks in the Ottoman Empire, raising the whole Greek nationality to nearly 8,000,000, as under:-Greece, about 2,000,000; Asia Minor, 2,000,000; Crete, Cyprus, and other Ottoman islands, 400,000; European Turkey, 3,500,000; total, 7,900,000. Trade and Industry. The following table gives the total value of the imports and exports of Greece for the five years 1879–83 : The great increase in the trade of 1882 and 1883 is officially accounted for by the addition to the territories of the Kingdom. The principal imports are cereals, 1,040,000 in 1883, and textiles, 1,240,000l. in 1883; and exports, currants and olive oil. In 1883 the value of currants exported was 1,928,8801.-about two-thirds to Great Britain. Other exports in 1883 were oil, valued at 355,6007.; lead, valued at 229,6807.; wine, 121,9601. About onethird of the imports come from, and one-third in value of the exports go to, the United Kingdom. The principal other countries with which commercial intercourse is carried on are, in order of importance, Austria, Turkey, France, Russia, and Italy. The commercial intercourse of Greece with the United Kingdom is exhibited in the subjoined table, in the five years 1879 to 1883: The staple article of export from Greece to Great Britain is currants, the value of which, in the year 1883, amounted to 1,422,2797. Other articles of export are olive oil of the value of 150,1207. in 1881, and 18,0287. in 1882, and 41,8227. in 1883; lead, of the value of 123,774l. in 1882, and 86,6097. in 1883; silver ore, of the value of 71,3977., and zinc, of the value of 44,0501. in 1883. Of the imports from the United Kingdom into Greece, about one-half are manufactured cotton goods. Their value in the year 1883 being 732,5331. There were also imported woollen manufactures valued at 113,1677., and iron to the value of 77,8981. in 1883. Greece is mainly an agricultural country, and the existing manufactures are few and unimportant. Still only 41 per cent. of the area of Greece is productive, and only one-sixth is under cultivation; the rest, though to some extent good for agricultural purposes, lies waste. The new Thessalian provinces have extensive forests, rich in varieties of wood, but at present comparatively useless from want of means of conveyance. The ground is chiefly in the hands of a few proprietors; but many of the peasants hold little patches of land of their own, which become smaller from generation to generation, in consequence of the existing law of subdivision, which is the same as that in France. On the whole, agriculture is in a very backward state. The new province detached from Thessaly is, however, of unusual fertility, producing annually on an average, 21,700,000 bushels of wheat, 11,528,000 bushels of oats, and about half that quantity of barley. In the old provinces about 34,000,000 bushels of wheat and 21,700,000 bushels of maize are produced annually. The most favoured and best cultivated crop is the currant, which covers vast districts. According to an enumeration made at the end of 1877, there were at that date only 97,176 horses, 279,445 horned cattle, 45,440 mules, and 97,395 asses in Greece. In contrast to these numbers, there were 2,921,917 sheep and 1,836,663 goats, the latter roaming about in a half-wild state, described as causing much destruction. To these there have to be added for Thessaly 1,500,000 sheep, 1,000,000 goats, and 200,000 oxen. Iron ore is found in some of the Cyclades and in the Ionian Islands, but its working is undeveloped. In recent years the lead mines of Laurium have been worked, and zinc is found in considerable quantities. The construction of railways will greatly develop the mining resources of Greece. Almost all trade is carried on by sea, and there is very little inland traffic, owing to want of roads. In May 1882 the construction of a canal across the Isthmus of Corinth, about 4 miles, was begun; it is estimated to cost a million sterling. The merchant navy of Greece numbered 74 steamers, of 33,318 tons, and 3,164 sailing vessels, of an aggregate burthen of 239,361 tons, at the end of 1884. There were besides about 6,000 coasting vessels. The total number of vessels that entered the Piræus in 1883 was 9,291, of 1,558,430 tons, of which 1,859 were steamers; and cleared, 9,231, of 1,849,119 tons, of which 1,851 were steamers. Of the vessels entered, 127, of 126,566 tons, were British; 7,937, of 532,359 tons, were Greek; and 406, of 338,780 tons, Austrian. At the port of Ergesteria (Laurium) 54 vessels, of 49,149 tons, entered. A considerable amount of the carrying trade of the Black Sea and the eastern parts of the Mediterranean is under the Greek flag, Railways are open, or about to open, for a length of traffic of 107 miles-5 miles between Athens and Piræus, 36 miles from Piræus to Megara, from Volo to Larissa 37 miles, 6 miles across the isthmus of Corinth, 8 in Katakolon, and 5 on the island Paros. Arrangements were concluded in 1882 for the construction of new lines to connect the most important parts of the kingdom. The projected railways are of a length of 435 miles. The telegraphic lines, land and submarine, were of a total length of 3,720 English miles, at the end of 1884; length of wire, 4,570 miles. They carried 442,206 inland telegrams, and 127,684 international, in the year 1883. The revenue was 896,031 drachmai, and expenditure 953,030 drachmai. Of post-offices there existed 213 at the end of 1883. In 1882 there passed through the post 3,275,662 inland, and 1,738,298 foreign letters; besides 17,779 post cards, 27,778 samples, 56,578 printed matter, 1,273,243 inland and foreign newspaper parcels. The receipts were 903,563 drachmai; expenses, 565,861 drachmai; revenue, 337,702 drachmai, or 13,5081. Diplomatic Representatives. 1. OF GREECE IN GREAT BRITAIN. Envoy and Minister.-Vacant. Secretary and Chargé d'Affaires.-G. A. Argyropoulos. 2. OF GREAT BRITAIN IN GREECE. Envoy and Minister.--Sir Horace Rumbold, Bart.; Envoy and Minister at Stockholm, 1881-4. Appointed Envoy and Minister to the King of the Hellenes, December 17, 1884. Secretary.-E. H. Egerton. Money, Weights, and Measures. The money, weights, and measures of Greece, and their English equivalents, are : = MONEY. The Drachma, of 100 lepta, is equivalent to the franc of the Monetary League (25-22 francs £1 sterling). Previous to November 1, 1882, when the new monetary system came into force, the drachma was equal to about 84d. Greece entered, in 1868, the Monetary League of the Continental States (see page 45), and by a decree of the Government, dated August 11, 1876, all foreign silver coins, with the exception of those of the League, ceased to be legal tender in the kingdom. The chief medium of circulation has been an inconvertible paper currency, consisting chiefly of notes of the National Bank, which were made legal tender by a royal decree of July 1, 1877. They were to be abolished January 1, 1885. The Ionian Bank at Corfu and the Thessalian bank at Larissa have also the right to circulate their own notes in their respective provinces. Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning Greece. 1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS. Report by Mr. R. G. Watson, Secretary of Legation, on the state of education and the obstacles of material progress in Greece, dated Athens, Jan. 20, 1872; in Reports of H.M.'s Secretaries of Embassy and Legation.' 1872. 8. London, 1872. No. 1. Report by Mr. Frank C. Lascelles, Secretary of Legation, on the Commerce and Shipping of Greece, dated Athens, July 10, 1878, in Reports by H.M.'s Secretaries of Embassy and Legation.' Part IV. 1878. 8. London, 1878. Report by Mr. Egerton on the finances and commerce of Greece in 1882, in Part III.; and by Mr. Greville on railways, roads, &c. in Part IV. of 'Reports of H.M.'s Secretaries of Legation,' 1883. Report and Analysis of the Greek Budget of 1884, by Mr. Nicolson, in Part III.; by Mr. Ford on the Greek Budget, in Part I., of Reports from H.M.'s Diplomatic and Consular Officers.' Part I. 1884. Folio, London, 1884. Reports by Mr. Consul Sebright on the Commerce of Corfu; by Mr. Consul Wood on the Trade of Patras; by Mr. Vice-Consul Onofrio on the Trade of Santa Maura, and by Mr. Consul Stevens on the Commerce of Zante, dated January 1878; in 'Reports from H.M.'s Consuls.' Part II. 1878. 8. London, 1878. Report by Mr. Consul Merlin on the trade and commerce of Continental Greece, dated Piræus, March 24, 1879; in Reports from H.M.'s Consuls.' Part III. 1879. 8. London, 1879. Reports by Vice-Consul Saunders on the trade and commerce of Cephalonia for 1880; by Consul Reade on Corfu; by Consul Wood on Patras (1881); by Vice-Consul Onofrio on Santa Maura (1880); by Vice-Consul Canale on Zante, in Part III.; by Consul Longworth on Thessaly (1881), in Part IV.; by Consul Merlin on the Piræus (1881), in Part VIII.; by Consul Binney on Syra (1881), in Part XV. of Reports from H.M.'s Consuls,' 1882. Report by Consul Wood on the trade and commerce of Patras, in Part II.; by Consul Longworth on Thessaly, in Part VIII.; and by Consul Merlin on the trade and commerce of Greece, in Part IX. of Reports of H.M.'s Consuls, 1883. Report by Consul-General Schuyler on the commerce and products of Greece inReports from the Consuls of the United States,' August 1883. Washington, 1883. Reports on the Trade and Commerce of Cephalonia and Santa Maura, in Part I.; Corfu, Patras, and Syra, in Part II.; Syra and the Piræus, in Part VII.; Cephalonia, in Part IX. of 'Reports of H.M.'s Consuls,' 1884. London, Trade of Greece with foreign countries: total imports and exports from 1871 to 1881; in Statistical Abstract for the Principal Foreign Countries.' No. X. 8. London, 1884. Trade of Greece with the United Kingdom; in Annual Statement of the trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions, for the year 1883.' Imp. 4. London, 1884. 2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS. Bernardakis (A. N.), Le présent et l'avenir de la Grèce. 8. Paris, 1870. Bianconi (C. F.), Ethnographie de la Turquie de l'Europe et de la Grèce. Paris, 1877. Brockhaus (Hermann), Griechenland, geographisch, geschichtlich und kulturhistorisch von den ältesten Zeiten bis auf die Gegenwart dargestellt. 4. Leipzig, 1870. Campbell (Hon. Dudley), Turks and Greeks. 8. London, 1877. Carnarvon (Earl of), Reminiscences of Athens and the Morea. 8. London, 1870. Cusani (F.), Memorie storico-statistiche sulla Dalmazia, sulle isole Ionie e sulla Grecia. 2 vols. 8. Milano, 1862. Digenis (Basile), Quelques notes statistiques sur la Grèce. 8. Marseille, 1878. Dora d'Istria (Mme.), Excursions en Roumélie et en Morée. 2 vols. 8. Paris, 1865. Kirkwall (Viscount), Four Years in the Ionian Islands: their Political and Social Condition, with a History of the British Protectorate. 2 vols. 8. London, 1864. Mansolas (Alex.), Rapport sur l'état de la statistique en Grèce présenté au Congrès International de Statistique de St.-Pétersbourg en 1872. 8. Athènes, 1872. Mansolas (A.), La Grèce à l'Exposition universelle de Paris en 1878. 8. Paris, 1878. Maurer (G. L. von), Das Griechische Volk in öffentlicher und privatrechtlicher Beziehung. 3 vols. 8. Heidelberg, 1835. Murray's Handbook for Greece. 2 vols. London, 1884. Reclus (Elisée), Géographie Universelle. Vol. I. Paris, 1877. Schmidt (Dr. Julius), Beiträge zur physicalischen Geographie von Griechenland. 3 vols. 8. Leipzig, 1864–70. Sergeant (Lewis), New Greece. 8. London, 1878. Tuckerman (Charles K.), The Greeks of To-day. 8. London, 1873. |