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became portions of the Papal dominions; and, towards the end of the fourteenth century, the Pontiff acquired full jurisdiction over Rome and Sabina. From the accession of Stefano III., first temporal sovereign, and 95th in the usual list of Pontiffs, to Leo XIII., first modern spiritual sovereign, and 263rd in the list, there were 169 Popes (including a few doubtful Popes or Anti-popes'), as follows:

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Name of Pontiff Nationality Election the list Name of Pontiff Nationality Election

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The Supreme Pontiff is the absolute and irresponsible ruler of the Roman Catholic Church. His ex cathedrâ judgments on matters of faith and morals are held to be infallible, and there is no appeal against his decrees. The Pontiff may seek advice from the Sacred College of Cardinals, consisting, when complete, of

seventy members, namely, six cardinal-bishops, fifty cardinal-priests, and fourteen cardinal-deacons, but hardly ever comprising the full number. In February, 1885, the Sacred College consisted of six cardinal-bishops, forty-one cardinal-priests, and thirteen cardinaldeacons. The following list gives the names of these sixty-one cardinals:

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Lorenzo Nina

Fried. von Fürstenberg
J. Florian Desprez
Ludwig Haynald

Americo Ferreira dos

Santos Silva.
Gaetano Alimonda
Giacomo Cattani
Lodovico Jacobini
Carlo Laurenzi
Domenico Agostini
Charles M. Lavigerie.
Angelo Bianchi
Wladimir Czacki
José Sebastião Neto
Guglielmo Sanfirnelice
Pietro G. M. Celesia
Ant. Monescillo y Viso
Guglielmo Massaia
Celestin Ganglbauer
Ceferino Gonzalez y
Diaz Tunon

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Cardinal-Deacons :

Teodolfo Mertel.

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Lorenzo Ilar Randi

1818 1875

Antonio Pellegrini

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Giuseppe Pecci

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John Henry Newman.

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Joseph Hergenröther. Prefect of Apost. Archves German

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Tommaso Zigliara

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Francesco Ricci Par

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Of these Cardinals, one was nominated by Pope Gregorio XVI., 30 by Pio IX., and 29 by Leone XIII.

The Cardinals are Princes of the Church, with an annual allowance of 30,000 lire, or 1,200l., besides the income from their respective offices, or dignities. In early ages the cardinals were the parish priests of Rome, or deacons of districts. At the end of the twelfth century they numbered fifty-three in all-viz., six cardinal-bishops, twenty-eight cardinal priests, eighteen cardinal-deacons; in 1586 the number was finally settled by Sisto V. at seventy. The cardinals compose the Pope's Council, preside at special and general

congregations, govern the Church so long as the Pontifical throne is vacant, and elect the deceased Pontiff's successor. They received the distinction of the red hat under Innocenzo IV., during the Council of Lyons, in 1246; and the title of Eminence from Urbano VIII., in 1630. The great Catholic Powers are allowed to propose a certain number of prelates to be named by the Pope, and these are known as Cardinals of the Crown.

Besides the Pope and the Sacred College of Cardinals the upper Catholic Hierarchy throughout the world comprises 7 Patriarchates of the Latin Rite, and 5 of the Oriental Rite; 150 Archbishoprics of the Latin Rite, and 24 of the Oriental Rite; and 669 Bishoprics of the Latin and 50 of the Oriental Rite. The list is as follows:

I. PATRIARCHATES.

Of the Latin Rite:-1. Constantinople, 2. Alexandria, 3. Antioch, 4. Jerusalem, 5. Venice, 6. West Indies, 7. Lisbon.

Of the Oriental Rite:-1. Antioch, of the Melchites (Antiochen Melchitarum); 2. Antioch, of the Maronites (Antiochen Maronitarum); 3. Antioch, of the Syrians (Antiochen Syrorum); 4. Babylon, of the Chaldeans (Babylonen Chaldæorum); 5. Cilicia, of the Armenians (Ciliciæ Armenorum).

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