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amounted to 150,9647., and exports to these 390,8407.; imports from Asiatic colonies 10,3607., exports, 7,5001.

Although of small extent, the Cape Verde Islands are estimated the most important colonial possession of Portugal, politically and commercially. The island of St. Vincent is 70 English square miles in extent, but with not more than 3,297 inhabitants.

By the terms of a law passed by the Cortes Geraes of Portugal in 1858, domestic slavery came to an end, nominally, in all the Portuguese colonies and settlements on the 29th of April, 1878.

Diplomatic Representatives.

1. OF PORTUGAL IN GREAT BRITAIN.

Envoy and Minister-Senhor M.M. d'Antas, accredited Envoy and Minister to Great Britain, April 30, 1877. Secretary-L. de Soveral.

2. OF GREAT BRITAIN IN PORTUGAL.

Envoy and Minister-George Glynn Petre. Appointed January 25, 1884. Secretary-Walter Baring.

Money, Weights, and Measures.

The money, weights, and measures of Portugal, with the British equivalents, are as follows:

The Milreis, or 1,000 Reis

MONEY.

{Average rate of exchange, 4s. 5d., or about

4 milreis to £1 sterling.

Large sums are calculated in Contos of Reis, or 1,000,000 Reis, value £222 4s. 5d.

-WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

The metric system of weights and measures are the legal standards. The chief old measures still in use are:

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Statistical and other Books of Reference relating to Portugal.

1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Boletin Official. Lisbon, 1884.

Diario da Camara dos Senhora Deputados. Lisbon, 1884.
Diario do Governo. Lisbon, 1884.

Correspondence relative to negotiations between Great Britain and Portugal, for conclusion of the Congo Treaty, 1882-4. London, 1884.

Despatch to H.M.'s Minister at Lisbon enclosing the Congo Treaty, signed February 26, 1884. London, 1884.

Report by Mr. Dudley Edward Saurin, Secretary of Legation, on the financial condition of Portugal, dated January 1880; in 'Reports by H.M.'s Secretaries of Embassy and Legation.' Part I. 1880. 8. London, 1880.

Report by Mr. R. B. D. Morier, British Envoy, on the finances of Portugal, dated Lisbon, March 1, 1880; in Reports of H.M.'s Secretaries of Embassy and Legation.' Part II. 1880. 8. London, 1880.

Report by Mr. Baring on the Commerce and Finances of Portugal in Part V. of Reports of H.M.'s Secretaries of Embassy,' 1883.

Report by Mr. Crawfurd on field husbandry and cattle feeding in Northern Portugal, in 'Reports from H.M.'s Diplomatic and Consular agents abroad.' 1882. Report by Mr. Baring for the commerce, &c. of Portugal for the half-year ending June 30, 1883, in Reports of H.M.'s Secretaries of Legation,' Part I. 1884. London, 1884.

Report by Mr. Baring on the Commerce and Finances of Portugal in 'Reports of H.M.'s Secretaries of Legation. Part IV. London, 1884.

Report by Mr. Consul Hopkins on the trade of Loanda, dated May 26, 1877; in 'Reports from H.M.'s Consuls.' Part V. 1877. 8. London, 1877. Reports by Mr. Consul Brackenbury on the trade and commerce of Lisbon; by Mr. Consul Read on the trade of the Azores; and by Mr. Consul Hayward on the trade of Madeira, dated March-April 1879; in 'Reports from H.M.'s Consuls.' Part III. 1879. 8. London, 1879.

Report by Consul Goddard on the trade and commerce of Cape Verde Islands, in Part VII.; by Consul Brackenbury on the trade and commerce of Lisbon, and Consul Hayward on Madeira, in Part IX. of 'Reports of H.M.'s Consuls.' 1882. Report by Consul-General Francis on the trade and commerce of Portugal in 'Reports from Consuls of United States,' September, 1883. Washington, 1883. Reports on Oporto in Part I.; on Loanda in Part V.; on Lisbon and Madeira in Part VII. of 'Reports of H.M.'s Consuls,' 1884. London, 1884. Hertslet (Sir E.), Foreign Office List. Published annually. London, 1884. Trade of Portugal with the United Kingdom; in 'Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions for the year 1883.' Imp. 4. London, 1884.

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Aldama-Ayala (G. de), Compendio Geographico-estadistico de Portugal e sus Posesiones Ultramarinas. 8. Madrid, 1880.

Balbi (A.), Essai statistique sur le Royaume de Portugal. 2 vols. 8. Paris, 1862. Barros e Cunha (J. G. de), Historia da Liberdade em Portugal. Vol. I. 8. Lisboa, 1869

Barros e Cunha (J. G. de), Hoje: on the present situation, financial and political, of the Kingdom of Portugal. 8. London, 1868.

Crawfurd (Oswald), Portugal: Old and New. 8. London, 1880.

Eschwege (Wilhelm L. von), Portugal: ein Staats und Sittengemälde, nach dreissigjährigen Beobachtungen und Erfahrungen. 8. Hamburg, 1837. Lavigne (Germond de), L'Espagne et le Portugal. 8. Paris, 1883.

La Teillais (C. de), Etude historique, économique et politique sur les colonies portugaises, leur passé, leur avenir. 8. Paris, 1872.

Les Colonies Portugaises. Lisbon, 1878.

Pery (Gerardo A.), Geographia e Estatistica Geral de Portugal e Colonias. 8. Lisboa, 1875.

Vogel (Ch.), Le Portugal et ses Colonies; Tableau politique et commercial de la monarchie portugaise. 8. Paris, 1866.

ROUMANIA.

Reigning King.

Carol I., King of Roumania, born April 20, 1839, son of the late Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen; elected 'Domnul,' or Lord of Roumania, April 20, 1866; accepted his election May 22, 1866. Proclaimed King of Roumania, March 26, 1881. Married, November 15, 1869, to Princess Elizabeth von Neuwied, born December 29, 1843.

The King has an annual allowance of 1,185,185 lei, or 47,4007.

The succession to the throne of Roumania, in the event of the King remaining childless, was settled by Art. 83 of the Constitution, upon his elder brother, Prince Leopold of HohenzollernSigmaringen, who renounced his rights in favour of his son Prince Ferdinand, the act having been registered by the Senate in October, 1880.

The union of the two principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia was publicly proclaimed at Bucharest and Jassy, on December 23, 1861, the present name being given to the united provinces. The first ruler of Roumania was Colonel Couza, who had been elected 'Hospodar,' or Lord, of Wallachia and Moldavia in 1859, and who assumed the government under the title of Prince Alexander John I. A revolution which broke out in February 1866, forced Prince Alexander John to abdicate, and led to the election of Prince Carol I. The representatives of the people, assembled at Bucharest, proclaimed Roumania's independence from Turkey, May 21, 1877, which was confirmed by Art. 43 of the Congress of Berlin, signed July 13, 1878.

Constitution and Government.

The constitution now in force in Roumania was voted by a Constituent Assembly, elected by universal suffrage, in the summer of 1866. It has twice been modified-viz., in 1879 and again in 1884. The Senate consists of 120 members, elected for 8 years, including 2 for the Universities, and 8 bishops. The Chamber of Deputies consists of 178 members elected for 4 years. A Senator must be 40 years of age and a Deputy 25. Members of either House must be Roumanians by birth or naturalization, in full enjoyment of civil and political rights, and domiciled in the country. For the Senate an assured income of about 4007. is required. All citizens

of full age, paying taxes, are electors, and are divided into three Electoral Colleges. For the Chamber of Deputies, electors who are in possession of property bringing in 501. or upwards per annum vote in the first College. Those paying direct taxes to the State of 20 fr. or upwards annually vote in the second College, as well as persons exercising the liberal professions, retired officers, State pensioners, and those who have been through the primary course of education. The third College is composed of the remaining electors, of whom those not knowing how to read or write vote indirectly. For the Senate there are only two Colleges. The first consists of those electors having property yielding annually at least 807.; the second of those persons, otherwise eligible, but whose income from property is from 321. to 80l. per annum. Both Senators and Deputies receive a small daily payment during the session. The King has a suspensive veto over all laws passed by the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. The executive is vested in a council of eight ministers, and a President who is Prime Minister.

Wallachia is divided into seventeen, and Moldavia into thirteen districts (the Dobruja being excluded), each of which has a prefect, a receiver of taxes, and a civil tribunal. Of the total population of Roumania Proper 4,529,000 belong to the Orthodox Greek Church; 114,200 Roman Catholics; 13,800 Protestants; 8,000 Armenians; 6,000 Lipovani (Russian heretics); 400,000 Jews; 2,000 Mahometans. The government of the Greek Church rests with two archbishops, the first of them styled the Primate of Roumania, and the second the Archbishop of Moldavia. There are, besides, six bishops of the National Church, and one Roman Catholic bishop.

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Education is free and compulsory wherever there are schools,' but is still in a very backward condition. In 1883 there were 2,743 primary schools, with only 124,130 pupils, or about 2 per cent. of the total population (in Great Britain the proportion is 12.3 per cent.). There are 8 normal schools, with 830 pupils; 54 high schools, with 7,993 pupils; 2 universities (Bucharest and Jassy), with faculties in law, philosophy, science and medicine, and having in 1883 97 professors and teachers and 705 students.

Revenue and Army.

The chief sources of revenue consist in direct and indirect taxes, and the profits derived from the extensive State domains and valuable salt-mines, and from the salt and tobacco monopolies. The old capitation-tax was reduced by two-thirds in 1882, and since April 1883 it has been further reduced to 4s. 9d. per head, the number of persons paying it being 788,653 in 1883. There is an income-tax of 6 per cent. on lands and houses, and 5 cent. on

per

Government salaries. The following table shows the revenue and expenditure for the five years 1878-82 :

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Revenue
Expenditure.

4,708,410 4,168,022 4.837,709 4,927,235 8,295,134

4,844,868 4,490,998 4,908,898 5,227,003 8,000,828

In the budget for 1882-3 the receipts were set down at 4,860,0577. and expenditure the same, and for 1883-4 the revenue and expenditure were balanced at 4,937,2177. The following are the budget estimates for 1884-5:

REVENUE

EXPENDITURE

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The public debt of Roumania amounted on April 1, 1884, to 29,324,1307. Of the total amount more than half has been contracted for public works, mainly railways. The remainder has been contracted to cover deficits, reduce unfunded debt, and pay off peasant freeholds. There are only two loans, those of Messrs. Stern (231,4007. in 1884) and Oppenheim (563,6007. in 1884) in the London market, and these are to be redeemed by 1888 and 1889. The others are held to a large extent in Germany, a small portion in France, and about one-third in the country itself. charge of the debt in the budget of 1884-5 is 2,005,2007. The debt amounts to 51. per head of population, and the interest to 78. 2d. The exports average 17. 16s. per head.

The

The army of Roumania consists of an active army, divided into Permanent and Territorial, with its reserve; the Militia; the Civic Guard, and the levée en masse. The active army in Roumania consists of 4 army corps (each of 2 divisions of infantry, 1 brigade of light cavalry (Calarashi), 1 brigade of artillery, 1 battalion of engineers, 1 squadron of train, and 1 company of hospital corps), and

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