Slaves from 50 to 55 were to be liberated on September 17, 1880; from 45 to 50, in September 1882; from 40 to 45, in 1884; from 35 to 40, in 1886; and from 30 to 35, in 1888. Those under 30 will be emancipated in 1890. From the middle of 1880 to the middle of 1883, 28,055 slaves were freed under this law; accord. ing to a report of 1883 there were then only 137,500 slaves in Cuba. From 1880 a sum of 100,000 piastres was to be annually set apart in the Cuban budget for defraying the expense of the emancipation of the slaves, the price to be paid to the owners being fixed at 350 piastres for each slave.

Cuba is divided into three provinces, the S.E. and central being the richest and most populous, containing 22 cities and towns, and 204 villages and hamlets. The capital Havanna has 25,000 in-' habitants. In Cuba and Porto Rico there are 3,300 miles of telegraph, and in Cuba about 900 miles of railway. Education was made obligatory in Cuba in 1880, and in 1882 34,813 children were attending school.

The total exports from the Spanish West India Islands, that is Cuba and Porto-Rico, to the United Kingdom in 1883 were of the value of 1,079,4947.; and the imports of British produce, of 2,246,3057.

The staple article of export from Cuba and Porto Rico to the United Kingdom is unrefined sugar, the value of which was 922,6617. in 1878; 2,299,7647. in 1879; 770,6731. in 1880; 529,2801. in 1881; 714,1247. in 1882; and 354,5957. in 1883. Next to sugar, the most important article of export to the United Kingdom is tobacco and cigars, the value amounting to 967,2587. in 1883. The British imports mainly comprise cotton and linen manufactures, the former of the value of 892,9197., and the latter of 389,5267. in 1883.

The chief articles of produce of the Philippine Islands are sugar, hemp, and tobacco. The total exports to Great Britain in 1883 were of the value of 1,670,0767., and the imports of British produce of 1,216,9047. The chief articles of exports to Great Britain in 1883 were unrefined sugar, of the value of 746,1907., and hemp, of 747,5971. Of the British imports in 1883 the value of 812,3201., or about two-thirds, was represented by cotton manufactures. commercial intercourse between the Philippine Islands, as well as the rest of the Colonial Possessions of Spain, and the United Kingdom, has been in a very fluctuating condition for a number of years. The capital of the Philippines, Manilla, has 270,000 inhabitants (1880); there are 720 miles of telegraph in the islands,

The

G G

Diplomatic Representatives.

1. OF SPAIN IN GREAT BRITAIN.

Envoy and Minister-Marquis de Casa Laiglesia, accredited March 31, 1875. Secretary.-P. J. de Zulueta.

2. OF GREAT BRITAIN IN SPAIN.

Envoy and Minister.-Francis Clare Ford, C.B., C.M.G., Envoy and Minister to Brazil, 1879-81; to Greece, 1881–4. Appointed to Madrid, Dec. 15, 1884. Secretaries.-E. D. V. Fane; M, W. E. de Bunsen; A. H. Hardinge.

Money, Weights, and Measures.

The money, weights, and measures of Spain, and the British equivalents, are as follows:

:-

MONEY.

Since January 1, 1859, the French metric system of weights and measures has been introduced in Spain, with no other change than a slight one of names, the metre becoming the metro, the litre the litro, the gramme the gramo, and the are the area. But, beside these, the old weights and measures are still largely used. They are:

Censo de la Poblacion de España. 1877. Tomo I. Madrid, 1883.

Estadistica general exterior de España, con sus provincias de ultramar y potencias extrangeras; formada por la Direccion general de aduanas. S. Madrid, 1884.

Estado General de la Armada para el año de 1884. Madrid, 1884.
Gaceta de Madrid. 1884.

Guia oficial de España. 1884. 8. Madrid, 1884.

Memoria sobre las Obras Públicas, 1873-81, comprendiendo lo relativo á Curateras. 2 vols. Madrid, 1883.

Memorie sobre las Obras Públicas de 1881 y 1882, en lo relativo á ferrocarriles. Madrid, 1884.

Nomenclátor de los Pueblos de España, formado por la Comision de Estadistica General del Reino. Publicase de órden de S. M. Fol. Madrid, 1878. Report by Mr. Hugh Wyndham on the finances of Spain, in 'Reports

by H.M.'s Secretaries of Embassy and Legation.' Part I. 1880. 8. London, 1880.

Report by Mr. Bunsen on the imports and exports of Spain for 1882; in 'Reports of H.M.'s Secretaries of Legation.' Part V. 1883. London, 1883. Report by Mr. Hardinge on Cuban Reform, in 'Reports of H.M.'s Secretaries of Legation.' Part IV. London, 1884.

Report by Consul Perry on the trade and commerce of Cadiz in Part II.; by Consul Prat on Barcelona in Part IV.; by Consul Perry on Cadiz; ViceConsul Lapurth on Linares mining district; Consul Honey on Manila in Part XIV.: by Consul Young on Bilbao; and Vice-Consul March on Santander in Part XV. of 'Reports of H.M.'s Consuls,' 1882.

Reports by Consul Dupuis on Teneriffe in Part II.; by Consul Prat on Barcelona, and Vice-Consul Carden on Havanna in Part III.; by Consul Wilkinson on Manila in Part IV.; by Consul Bidwell on Malaga in Part VII.; by Consul Dupuis on Teneriffe in Part VIII.; by Consul Young on Bilbao, Consul Perry on Cadiz, and Vice-Consul March on Santander in Part IX. of 'Reports of H.M.'s Consuls.' 1883. London, 1883.

Reports on the trade and commerce of Puerto Rico in Part I.; of Barcelona, Iloilo, and Manilla in Part IV.; on Teneriffe in Part V.; on Cadiz in Part VI.; on Teneriffe in Part VIII.; on Bilbao, Corunna, and Santander in Part IX. of Reports of H.M.'s Consuls,' 1884. London, 1884.

Trade of Spain with Great Britain; in Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions in the year 1883.' Imp. 4. London, 1884.

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Almanaque Politico-economico de El Dia para el año 1884. Madrid, 1883.
Armed Strength of Spain. London, 1883.
Davillier (Baron Ch.), L'Espagne. 4. Paris.

1873.

Figuerola (D. Laureano), Memoria relativa al estado general de la hacienda. 8. Madrid, 1870.

Garrido (Fernando), La España Contemporanea. 8. Barcelona, 1865.
Jagor (F.), Reisen in den Philippinen. 8. Berlin, 1873.

Lavigne (Germond de), L'Espagne et le Portugal. 8. Paris, 1883.

Lestgarens (J.), La Situation économique et industrielle de l'Espagne en 1860. Bruxelles, 1861.

Madoz (Pascual), Diccionario Geográfico, Estadístico, y Histórico de España y sus provincias de ultramar. 16 vols. 4. Madrid, 1846-50.

Mazade (Ch. de), Les révolutions de l'Espagne. 8. Paris, 1869.

Murray's Handbook to Spain. London, 1882.

Polin (D. José Lopez), Diccionario Estadistico Municipal de España. 4. Madrid, 1863.

Reclus (Elisée), Géographie Universelle. Vol. I. Paris, 1879.
Ségoillot (H.), Lettres sur l'Espagne. 18, Paris, 1870.

Vidal (J. L.), L'Espagne en 1860. Etat politique, administratif, législatif; Institutions économiques; Statistique générale de ce Royaume. 8. Paris, 1861.

Villa-Atardi (Baron de), Consideraciones sobre el Estado Administrativo y Económico de España. 4. Madrid, 1865.

Webster (Rev. Wentworth), Spain, in 'Foreign Countries and British Possessions.' London, 1882.

Willkomm (Heinrich Moritz), Das pyrenäische Halbinselland. 8. Leipzig,

1886.

SWEDEN AND NORWAY.

(SVERIGE OCH NORGE.)

Reigning King.

Oscar II., born January 21, 1829, the third son of King Oscar I. and of Queen Josephine, daughter of Prince Eugene of Leuchtenberg. Succeeded to the throne at the death of his brother, King Carl XV., Sept. 18, 1872. Married June 6, 1857, to Queen Sophia, born July 9, 1836, daughter of the late Duke Wilhelm of Nassau.

Children of the King.

I. Prince Gustaf, Duke of Wermland, born June 16, 1858. Married Sept. 20, 1881, to Princess Victoria, born Aug. 7, 1862, daughter of the Grand Duke of Baden. Issue, Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Scania, born Nov. 11, 1882; and Prince Carl, Duke of Södermanland, born June 17, 1884.

II. Prince Oscar, Duke of Gotland, born Nov. 15, 1859.

III. Prince Carl, Duke of Westergötland, born Feb. 27, 1861. IV. Prince Eugen, Duke of Nerike, born Aug. 1, 1865.

Sister of the King.

Princess Eugenia, born April 24, 1830.

Niece of the King.

Princess Lovisa, only child of King Carl XV., born Oct. 31, 1851; married July 28, 1869, to Frince Frederik, eidest son of the King of Denmark.

King Oscar II. is the fourth sovereign of the House of Ponte Corvo, and grandson of Marshal Bernadotte, Prince de Ponte Corvo, who was elected heir-apparent of the crown of Sweden by the Parliament of the kingdom, Aug. 21, 1810, and ascended the throne Feb. 5, 1818, under the name of Carl XIV. Johan. He was succeeded at his death, March 8, 1844, by his only son, Oscar. The latter died July 8, 1859, and was succeeded by his eldest son Carl XV., at whose premature death, without male children, the crown fell to his next surviving brother, the present King.

The royal family of Sweden and Norway have a civil list of 1,338,000 kronor, or 74,333l., from Sweden, and 433,922 kronor, or 24,1061., from Norway. The sovereign, besides, has an annuity of 300,000 kronor, or 16,666l., voted to King Carl XIV. and his successors on the throne of Sweden.

The following is a list of the kings and queens of Sweden, with

the dates of their accession, from the accession of the House of

The average reign of the nineteen rulers who occupied the throne of Sweden from the accession of Gustaf I. to that of Oscar II., amounted to eighteen years.

By the Treaty of Kiel, Jan. 14, 1814, Norway was ceded to the King of Sweden by the King of Denmark, but the Norwegian people did not recognise this cession, and declared themselves independent. A Constituent Assembly met at Eidsvold, and having adopted, on May 17, a Constitution, elected the Danish Prince Christian Fredrik King of Norway. The Swedish troops, however, entered Norway without serious resistance, and the foreign powers refusing to recognise the newly-elected king, the Norwegians were obliged to conclude, August 14, the Convention of Moss, by which the independency of Norway in union with Sweden was solemnly proclaimed. An extraordinary Storthing was then convoked, which adopted the modifications in the constitution made necessary by the union with Sweden, and then elected King Carl XIII., King of Norway, Nov. 4, 1814. The following year was promulgated a Charter, the Riksact, establishing new fundamental laws on the terms that the union of the two kingdoms be indissoluble and irrevocable, without prejudice, however, to the separate government, constitution, and code of laws of either Sweden or Norway.

The law of succession is the same in Sweden and Norway. In case of absolute vacancy of the throne, the two Diets assemble for the election of the future sovereign, and should they not be able to agree upon one person, an equal number of Swedish and Norwegian deputies have to meet at the city of Carlstad, in Sweden, for the appointment of the king, this nomination to be absolute. The common affairs are decided upon in a Council of State composed of Swedes and Norwegians. In case of minority of the king, the Council of State exercises the sovereign power until a Regent or Council of Regency is appointed by the united action of the Diets of Sweden and Norway.