or Spain. In the four years 1880-83 there has been an average of 23,000 emigrants annually.

Trade and Industry.

The exports consist mainly of wool, hides, live cattle, and preserved meat; and the imports into the Republic chiefly of manufactured cotton goods, coal, and iron.

In 1880 the imports were valued at 8,813,400l., and exports at 11,295,4007.; in 1881 imports, 10,806,000l., and exports, 11,213,8007.; in 1882 imports, 12,249,2327.; exports, 12,077,8107. In 1883 the imports amounted to 16,087,000l., about one-third of which came from Great Britain, 20 per cent. from France, 6 per cent. from United States, and 9 per cent. from Germany. The exports amounted to 12,041,500l. Of the exports, 30 per cent. consisted of wool, 25 of hides, 4.5 jerked meat, 3 live cattle, and 8 agricultural produce. Of the exports 33 per cent. went to France, 20 to Belgium, 10 per cent. to Great Britain, 8 per cent. for Germany, 6 per cent. to the United States.

The commercial intercourse between the Argentine Republic and the United Kingdom is shown in the subjoined tabular statement.

The three staple articles of Argentine exports to the United Kingdom are skins, bones, and untanned hides. The value of the skins, mainly sheep, amounted to 177,964l., of bones to 134,0997., and of the hides to 85,9447. in 1883. The imports of British produce consist chiefly of cottons, 1,364,6827. in 1883; and woollens, 474,3417.; and of iron, 1,455,8647.

In 1883 there entered at the ports of the country 7,071 foreign vessels of 1,528,014 tons, and cleared 5,435 vessels of 1,448,137 tons. Of the vessels 31 per cent. were British, 16 per cent. French, and 13 per cent. Argentine. There is besides a considerable home, or river, navigation.

An increasing area of the country is being devoted to agriculture, wheat, Indian corn, and flax being the leading products, the value of the corn and flax exported in 1882 being officially returned at 800,000l. In Santa Fé, Entre Rios, and Buenos Ayres are nume›rous 'agricultural colonies,' mostly of foreign nationalities. Santa Fé

alone produced in 1882 24 million bushels of wheat raised by 55,100 European colonists. Cattle and sheep breeding is an important industry in the Argentine. At the end of 1882 it was estimated that the Confederation possessed 14,206,499 horned cattle, 72,683,045 sheep, 4,856,808 horses, the total value of the live stock, including swine, goats, mules, and asses, being officially returned at 42,000,000l. Their chief products, wool, hides, tallow, horns, and bones, represent 95 per cent. of the total exports. There were 54,380 square miles of new land surveyed for settlement in 1882.

The length of railway open for traffic in 1884 was 2,500 miles. There were in addition 651 miles in construction. The total cost of construction of the lines open for traffic at the end of 1882 was 12,637,9007., being an average cost of 7,700l. per mile. The number of passengers in 1882 was 3,648,000; weight of goods traffic, 1,317,000 tons; receipts, 1,677,000l.; expenses, 853,000l.

In 1884, there were 9,800 miles of telegraph lines in operation, 8,060 miles belonging to the state, and the rest to private companies. The total length of telegraph wires at the same date was 16,272 miles. The number of telegraphic despatches was 438,000 in the year 1882.

The post office, in the year 1882, carried 17,750,000 letters, newspapers, &c.

Diplomatic Representatives.

1. OF THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC IN GREAT BRITAIN. Envoy and Minister.-Dr. Don Manuel R. Garcia, accredited May 17, 1879. Secretary.-L. B. Tamini.

Consul-General.-Alejandro Paz.

2. OF GREAT BRITAIN IN THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. Envoy and Minister.--Hon. Francis J. Pakenham. Appointed February

1885.

Secretary of Legation.-Hon. William Augustus Curzon Barrington.

Money, Weights, and Measures.

The money, weights, and measures of the Argentine Republic, and the British equivalents, are as follows:

MONEY.

The Silver Peso fuerto, or Silver Dollar, of 100 centesimos.-Average rate of exchange, 48.

Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning the Argentine Republic.

1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Censo Escolar Nacional, 1883-4. Buenos Aires, 1884.

Estadística General del comercio esterior de la República Argentina. 1883. Fol. Buenos Aires, 1884.

Informe presentado á la Oficina de Estadística de Buenos Aires. 8. Buenos Aires, 1884.

Ley de inmigracion y Colonizacion de la República Argentina Sancunada por el Congreso nacional de 1876. Buenos Aires, 1882.

Mission of Viscount San Januario to the Republics of South America. 1878 and 1879. Published by order of the Argentine Government. Buenos Aires, 1881.

Memoria del Ministerio del interior de la República Argentina, presentada al Congreso nacional de 1883. 4. Buenos Aires, 1884.

Memoria presentada por el Ministro de estado en el departamento de hacienda al Congreso nacional de 1884. 4. Buenos Aires, 1884.

Registro Estadístico de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Fol. Buenos Aires, 1879.

The Argentine Republic as a field for Emigration. By Francis Latzina, Chief of the Argentine National Statistical Bureau. Buenos Ayres, 1883.

Report by the Hon. L. S. Sackville West on the finances of the Argentine Republic, dated Buenos Ayres, July 15, 1877; in 'Reports of H.M.'s Secretaries of Embassy and Legation.' Part III. 1877. 8. London, 1877.

Report by Mr. George Earle Walby on Railways in the Argentine Republic, dated Buenos Ayres, Nov. 10, 1877; in Reports from H.M.'s Secretaries of Embassy and Legation.' Part I. 1878. 8. London, 1878.

Report by Mr. Egerton on the products and industries of the Argentine Republic, in 'Reports from H.M.'s Secretaries of Embassy and Legation.' 1882. Report by Mr. Nevill Dering on the commerce, navigation, and finance of the Argentine Republic for 1881, in Part III., and for 1882 in Part V., of 'Reports of H.M.'s Secretaries of Embassy,' 1883. London, 1883.

Report by Vice-Consul Mallet on the trade and commerce of Rosario for 1883, in Reports of H.M.'s Consuls.' Part IV. 1884. London, 1884.

6

Trade of the Argentine Republic with Great Britain; in Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions for the year 1883.' Imp. 4. London, 1884.

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Almanaque agricola, pastoral é industrial de la República Argentina y de Buenos Ayres. 4. Buenos Ayres, 1884.

Arcos (Santiago), La Plata. Etude historique. 8. Paris, 1865.
Bates (H. W.), South America. London, 1882.

Beck-Bernard (Charles), La République Argentine. 8. Berne, 1872. Daireaux (Emile), Buenos Ayres, La Pampa, et La Patagonie. 18. Paris, 1878.

Dominguez (L.), Historia Argentina. 8. 4th edit. Buenos Ayres, 1870. Hadfield (William), Brazil and the River Plate, 1870-76. 8. London, 1877. Hudson (Damian), Registro estadístico de la República Argentina. 2 vols. 8, Buenos Aires, 1867.

Jordan (Wm. Leighton), The Argentine Republic: a descriptive and historieal sketch. 8. Edinburgh, 1878.

Latham (Wilfrid), The States of the River Plate, their Industries and Commerce. 2nd ed. 8. London, 1868.

Mitre (Bartolomé), Estudios históricos sobre la Revolucion Argentina. 4. Buenos Ayres, 1864.

Moussy (H. de), Description géographique et statistique de la Conféderation Argentine. 2 vols. 8. Paris, 1861.

Mulhall (M. G. and E. T.), Handbook of the River Plate Republics. 8. London, 1875; and Las Republicas del Rio de La Plata. London, 1876. Napp (R.), The Argentine Republic. 8. Buenos Aires, 1876.

Paz (Ez. N.) and Mendonça (Manuel), Compte-Rendu de L'Exposition continentale de la République Argentine. Buenos Aires, 1882.

Rickard (Major F. Ignacio), The mineral and other resources of the Argentine Republic in 1869. 8. London, 1870.

Sarmiento (Domingo Faustino), Life in the Argentine Republic in the Days of the Tyrants. Translated by Mrs. H. Mann. 8. London, 1868.

The Treaty of the Boundaries between the Argentine Republic and that of Chili. London, 1881.

Virgilio (Jacopo), Delle migrazioni transatlantiche degli italiani, e in especie di quelle dei Liguri, alle regioni del Plata, cenni economico-statistici. 8. Genova, 1868.

BOLIVIA.

(REPÚBLICA BOLIVIANA.)

Constitution and Government.

THE Constitution of the republic of Bolivia, drawn up by Simon Bolivar, liberator of the country from the Spanish rule, bears date August 25, 1826; but important modifications of it were added in 1828, 1831, and 1863. By its provisions, the executive power is vested in a President, elected for a term of four years; while the legislative authority rests with a Congress of two chambers, called the Senate, and the House of Representatives, both elected by universal suffrage. The President is assisted in his executive functions by a President of the Council, or Vice-president, appointed by himself, and a ministry, divided into four departments, of the Interior and Foreign Affairs; of Finance and Industry; of War; and of Justice and Public Worship.

President of the Republic.-Señor Don Gregorio Pacheco, nominated President September 3, 1884.

The fundamental law of the republic, ordering the regular election of the chief of the executive every four years, has seldom been carried out since the presidency of Grand-Marshal Santa-Cruz, who ruled Bolivia from May 1828 till January 20, 1839. Subsequently the supreme power was often seized by some successful commander, who, proclaimed by the troops, instead of chosen by the people, was compelled to protect his office by armed force against military rivals. Still, since 1841, there have been only twelve presidents, some of whom have managed to retain power for several years, as General Jose Bollivian, 1841-47; General Belzu, 1847-55; General Melgarejo, 1864-71.

The seat of the government, formerly at the city of La Paz, capital of the republic, is now at the city of Sucre or Chuquisaca. According to a report issued in 1884, the schools and universities were attended by only 12,000 pupils and students, or about 0-5 per cent. of the population. There are four universities.

Revenue, Public Debt, and Army.

There have been no official reports of the actual revenue and expenditure of the republic for several years. In the budget for