of Militia Affairs, first Prime Minister of the Dominion of Canada, from 1867 to 1873.

2. Minister of Finance.-Hon. Sir Samuel Leonard Tilley, K.C.M.G., C.B., born at Gagetown, New Brunswick, May 8, 1818; returned to Parliament, 1854, and became Premier of New Brunswick in 1861; Minister of Customs, 1867 to 1873; Minister of Finance, 1873; Lieut.-Governor of New Brunswick, 1873-78.

3. Minister of Justice.-Hon. Sir Alexander Campbell, K.C.M.G., Q.C., born in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England, in 1822; a member of the Legislative Council of Canada, 1858, and Speaker of that body, 1862-63; Commissioner of Crown Lands, 1864-67; a Senator, 1867; Postmaster-General, 1867-73, and 1879–80; Minister of the Interior, 1873.

4. Minister of Public Works.-Hon. Sir Hector Louis Langevin, K.C.M.G., C.B., LL.D., Q.C., born in the city of Quebec, August 25, 1826; entered Parliament, 1857; Solicitor-General, 1864–65; Postmaster-General, 1865-67; Secretary of State and Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs, 1867-69; Minister of Public Works, 1869-73; Postmaster-General, 1878-79.

5. Minister of Railways and Canals.-Vacant (December 1884) Hon. J. H. Pope, Acting Minister.

6. Minister of Agriculture.-Hon. John Henry Pope, born in Eastern Townships, province of Quebec; entered Parliament, 1857; Minister of Agriculture, 1871-73.

7. Minister of Customs.-Hon. Mackenzie Bowell, born at Rickinghall, Suffolk, England, Dec. 27, 1823; entered Parliament, 1867.

8. Minister of the Interior.- Honourable Sir David Lewis Macpherson, K.C.M.G., born in Scotland, Sept. 12, 1818.; a member of the Legislative Council of Canada, 1864; a Senator, 1867; a Privy Councillor and Speaker of the Senate, 1880; Minister of the Interior, 1883.

9. Minister of Militia and Defence.-Hon. Adolphe P. Caron, Q.C., born in the city of Quebec, 1843; entered Parliament, 1873.

10. Minister of Marine and Fisheries.-Hon. Archibald Woodbury McLelan, born at Londonderry, Nova Scotia, December 1824; entered Parliament, 1858; a Senator, 1869; President of Council, 1881; Minister of Marine and Fisheries, 1882.

11. Postmaster-General.-Hon. John Carling, born at London, Ontario, January 23, 1828; entered Parliament, 1857; ReceiverGeneral, 1862; Minister of Agriculture and Public Works in Ontario, 1867-71; Postmaster-General, 1882.

12. Minister of Inland Revenue.-Hon. John Costigan, born at St. Nicholas, Quebec, February 1, 1835; entered Parliament, 1861; Minister of Inland Revenue, 1882.

13. (Without Portfolio).-Hon. Frank Smith, born in Armagh, Ireland, 1832; a Senator, February 2, 1871.

14. Secretary of State.-Hon. Joseph Adolphe Chapleau, Q.C., LL.D., born at Ste. Therese de Blainville, Quebec, November 9, 1840; entered the Provincial Legislature, 1867; Solicitor-General, 1873-74; Provincial Secretary, 1876-78; Premier of Quebec, 1879-82; Secretary of State, 1882.

Each of the ministers has a salary, fixed by statute, of 7,000 dollars, or 1,400l. a year, with the exception of the recognised Prime Minister, who has 8,000 dollars, or 1,600l. per annum. The body of ministers is officially known as the Queen's Privy Council for the Dominion of Canada.'

Church and Education.

There is no State Church in the whole of British North America. The Church of England is governed by fourteen bishops with 800 clergy; the Roman Catholic Church by four archbishops, sixteen bishops, and 1,200 clergy; and the Presbyterian Church in Canada with 900 ministers-formed in 1875 by the union of two formerly distinct bodies-by presbyteries, synods, and an annual assembly, as in the Scotch Church. The Methodists have 1,500 ministers. All these bodies have one or more divinity schools. The number of members of each religious creed in the Dominion was as follows at the census of April 3, 1881:

Roman Catholics
Presbyterians

Of 'no religion'

2,634

No creed stated.

86,769

296,525

Lutherans

46,350

Total

4,324,810

Roman Catholicism prevails most extensively in the province of Quebec, the number of its adherents there, in 1881, amounting to 1,170,718, or nearly 70 per cent. of the total of the Dominion. In the province of Ontario, formerly Upper Canada, the number of Roman Catholics, in 1881, was 320,839; while the Church of England numbered 366,539, and the Presbyterians 417,749 adherents. In Newfoundland, at the census of 1874, the Roman Catholics numbered 64,317, and Protestants 97,057.

Except in British Columbia, all the provinces of the Dominion. have one or more universities, and several colleges which prepare for university degrees. There are in all about 14 degree-granting bodies in the Dominion, with about 24 colleges, including medical schools. From special official statistics of these institutions it may be estimated that they are attended by about 2,000 students. In

1883 there were in Quebec 246 academies with 38,278 pupils, 31 colleges with 6,879 pupils, 18 special schools with 1,262 pupils, 3 normal schools with 330 pupils, 333 model schools with 26,378 pupils; in Ontario about 410 high schools, public and private, with 11,000 pupils; Prince Edward Island 46, with 4,150 pupils; Nova Scotia 18, with 1,130 pupils; Manitoba 6, with 600 pupils; British Columbia 2, with 85 pupils; those in New Brunswick were attended by 680 pupils; and in this province it is contemplated to establish 64 new high schools. Of public elementary schools, many of which also give a high school education, Quebec had in 1883 4,404, with 170,858 pupils; Ontario had 5,313, with 471,512 pupils; Nova Scotia 1,910, with 81,863 pupils; New Brunswick 1,411, with 50,000 pupils; Prince Edward Island 386, with 18,150 pupils; Manitoba 310, with 12,770 pupils; and British Columbia 60, with 2,693 pupils. In Ontario the school population is 483,817; Nova Scotia, 80,000; New Brunswick, 73,000; Prince Edward Island, 21,873; Manitoba, 16,050. In all the provinces Government has more or less the supervision of education. In Ontario there are local boards and rates, and education is compulsory; in New Brunswick there are legislative grants and local rates, but at present no compulsion; in Nova Scotia same method of support, and compulsion to some extent; so also in Prince Edward Island, where attendance is enforced for at least 13 weeks annually; in Manitoba, legislative grants and local rates, and local boards may enforce attendance. In British Columbia the schools are supported wholly by Government, and are free to all; there is a compulsory law, but it is not enforced.

Revenue and Expenditure.

The financial accounts of the Dominion of Canada are made up under three different headings, namely, first, 'Consolidated Fund,’ comprising the general sources of revenue and branches of expenditure; secondly, 'Loans' in revenue, and 'Redemption' with Premiums and Discounts' in expenditure; and thirdly,' Open Accounts.' The total actual revenue and expenditure, under these three divisions, were as follows in the financial year ending June 30, 1883 :REVENUE

Consolidated Fund

EXPENDITURE

Dollars Cents Consolidated Fund 28,730,157 45

Dollars Cents 35,794,649 80

Total

62,286,053 38
£12,457,210

Total

68,040,463 01 £13,608,092

The actual sources of revenue and expenditure comprised under

the division called Consolidated Fund were as follows in the financial year ending June 30, 1883:—

Under the head of loans are included Dominion notes and savings banks deposits. Under the head of open accounts are included investments, trust funds, province accounts (entirely connected with debts), Dominion lands receipts and expenditure, and Pacific Railway receipts and expenses.

The estimates of expenditure under the Consolidated Fund for the financial year ending June 30, 1885, amounted to 29,811,639 dollars, and of total expenditure to 76,526,043 dollars. The ordinary revenue was estimated at 30,600,000 dollars. Of the total expenditure in 1884-85, 27,555,218 dollars have to be voted by Parliament, and 48,980,825 dollars are authorised by statute.

The public debt of the Dominion, incurred chiefly on account of public works, and the interest of which forms the largest branch of the expenditure, was as follows on July 1, 1883:

The total interest on this amounts to 7,609,158 dollars, or 1,521,8317. The debt of Canada has greatly increased in the last fifteen years, but most of the money borrowed has been devoted to the development of the country and to public works. In 1867 the total debt amounted to 18,609,210l., and in 1877 to 34,935,1667., increasing to over 41,000,000l. in 1882. As will be seen from the above table, there was in 1882-3 a considerable decrease in the debt at 5 and 6 per cent. The total burden of the debt is 97. 10s. per head, and of the annual charge 7s. 4d. The total exports per head in 1882 amounted to 41. 14s., and the proceeds of two years' export would pay off the debt. The expenditure on canals and railways alone by the Government amounted to over 22 millions sterling up to 1882. At the census of 1881 it was found that the value of the capital invested in manufacturing industries of various kinds was 33 millions sterling, and the annual value of the products 62 millions.

Army.

In addition to the troops maintained by the Imperial Government the strength of which was reduced, in the year 1871, to 2,000 men, forming the garrison of the fortress of Halifax, considered an 'Imperial station'-Canada has a large volunteer force, and a militia, brought into existence by a statute of the first Federal Parliament, passed in March 1868, 'to provide for the defence of the Dominion.' By the terms of the Act, the militia con