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sists of all male British subjects between 18 and 60, who are called out to serve in four classes, namely:-1st class, 18 to 30, unmarried; 2nd, from 30 to 45, unmarried; 3rd, 18 to 45, married; 4th, 45 to 60. Widowers without children rank as unmarried, but with them, as married. The militia is divided into an active and a reserve force. The active includes the volunteer and the marine militia. The active militia are those who voluntarily enlist to serve in the same, or men balloted, or in part of both. The marine militia is made up of persons whose usual occupation is on sailing or steam craft navigating the waters of the Dominion. The active militia serve for three years. On January 1, 1884, the active militia comprised a force of 37,000 officers and men, organised into cavalry, field artillery, garrison artillery, engineers, infantry, and rifles. The reserve militia comprised 655,000 rank and file at the same date.

Canada is divided into twelve military districts, four of which are formed by Ontario, three by Quebec, one by Nova Scotia, one by New Brunswick, one by Manitoba, one by Prince Edward Island, and one by British Columbia. There is a Royal Military College at Kingston, in which the course of study is for four years; also an artillery school each at Quebec and Kingston, and authority has issued for a similar school in British Columbia; also one school each in Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick for infantry. These schools are formed upon permanently embodied corps, and afford a means for the instruction of officers and non-commissioned officers of active militia throughout the Dominion.

Area and Population.

The population of Canada in the year 1800 was estimated at 240,000; in 1825 it amounted to 581,920; in 1851 to 1,842,265; in 1861 to 3,090,561. The census of April 3, 1881, stated the area and population of the Dominion as follows:

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A portion of the North-Western Territories were, in 1882, divided into four districts-Assiniboia, 95,000 square miles; Saskatchewan, 114,000 sq. m.; Alberta, 100,000 sq. m.; and Athabasca, 122,000 sq. m. The district of Keewatin, between Manitoba and Ontario, and stretching north to Hudson's Bay, was created in 1876 out of the Territories, and erected into a separate government under the Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba; it has an area as at first defined of about 450 square miles, but part of it at least is now included in the territory recently awarded to Ontario.

The average increase in ten years has been at the rate of 18.05 per cent., varying from 13.61 per cent. in Nova Scotia to 289 per cent. in Manitoba. Even in the old provinces the average density is nowhere great; in Manitoba there is only 1 person to 2 square miles, in British Columbia 1 to 7, and in the Territories 1 to 40 square miles.

The census of Newfoundland, taken at the end of 1874, stated the total population at 161,374-comprising 83,283 males and 78,091 females-living on an area of 40,200 English square miles. In 1882 the population was estimated at 185,000.

The population of the Dominion consisted at the census of 1881 to the extent of more than four-fifths of natives of British North America. These numbered 3,715,492, of whom 1,467,988 were natives of Ontario; 1,327,809 of Quebec; 420,088 of Nova Scotia ; 288,265 of New Brunswick; 19,590 of Manitoba; 32,275 of British Columbia; 101,047 natives of Prince Edward Island; and 58,430 of the Territories. Of alien-born inhabitants of the Dominion the most numerous at the census of 1881 were 470,092 natives of the United Kingdom; next came 77,753 from the United States, 25,328 Germans, 6,376 natives of Russia, 4,389 French. On the basis of origin the population was classed as follows:-1,298,929 of French origin, 881,301 English, 957,403 Irish, 669,863 Scotch, 254,319 German, 30,412 Dutch, 108,347 Indian; 21,394 African; 4,383 Chinese, and the remainder divided among Danish, Icelandic, Italian, Russian, Scandinavian, Welsh, Swiss, Spanish, Portuguese, and Jews. According to an official report for 1883 there were 133,137 Indians in Canada at that date. Of the total population, 464,025 were returned as occupiers of land, representing with their families nearly one-half the population. Of these, 403,491 were proprietors of their land. Of the various holdings, the bulk, 258,913, were between 50 and 200 acres.

The population of the principal cities of the Dominion and of British North America was as follows at the census of 1881 :

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The growth of population in recent years has been chiefly due to natural increase, but also largely to immigration from the United Kingdom. The following table shows the total number of immigrants, and the number who actually settled in the Dominion of Canada, in each of the ten years from 1874 to 1883 :

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The number of immigrants, as well as of settlers, is inclusive of those arrived from the United States.

The number of immigrants to the United States through Canada in 1882 is returned as 80,692. According to the reports of the United States Statistical Department there is a very large yearly emigration from Canada to the States, but the Canadian officials show that these statistics do not represent bonâ fide emigrants, and that the real emigration is comparatively small. By Port Huron alone, according to the United States' statistics, 71,424 Canadian emigrants passed; but the Canadian statistics reduce these figures to 2,422 genuine emigrants. The number of emigrants arriving at Quebec in 1883 was 45,966, of whom 21,897 were English, 3,980 Scotch, and 12,095 Irish; the rest foreigners.

In 1882, 44,082 persons were charged before the various courts; of these 31,305 were convicted, 26,299 without the option of a fine, the rest to various terms of imprisonment.

Trade and Industry.

The trade of the Dominion of Canada is chiefly with the United States and Great Britain, the greater part of the imports being derived from the United States, and the greater part of the exports going to Great Britain. The following statement gives the

total value of exports and of imports, and the total value of imports entered for home consumption in the Dominion, in each of the ten fiscal years, ending June 30, from 1874 to 1883:

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The following table shows the share of the leading countries in the commerce of Canada in 1883 :

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The following table shows the value of the leading imports and exports in 1883 :

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The following tabular statement exhibits the commercial intercourse of the Dominion of Canada with the United Kingdom,

according to the Board of Trade Returns, in each of the ten years ending Dec. 31, 1874, to 1883:

Years

Exports from the Dominion of Imports of British Home Produce
Canada to Great Britain

into the Dominion of

Canada

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The two staple articles of export from the Dominion of Canada to the United Kingdom are grain and wood. In the year 1883 the total exports of grain and flour amounted to 2,058,3431., of which 908,3381. was for wheat; 30,0311. for oats; 628,6821. for maize, or Indian corn; 270,9031. for peas; and 369,3301. for wheat-meal and flour, the remainder comprising oatmeal and other kinds of bread-stuffs. The value of the exports of wood and timber to Great Britain in 1883 was 4,721,8417., made up chiefly of hewn timber, of the value of 1,616,023l., and of sawn wood, of the value of 3,010,1807. Other exports were-cheese, 1,264,520l.; living animals, chiefly cattle and sheep, 1,361,5617.; butter, 255,9821.; fish, 416,6831. The principal articles of British produce imported into the Dominion in the year 1883 were iron, wrought and unwrought, of the value of 1,654,7517.; woollen manufactures, of the value of 1,478,3771.; cotton goods, of the value of 1,468,2987.; apparel and haberdashery, 1,013,0467.

Not included in the above returns is the trade with the province of Newfoundland and the coast of Labrador, as yet not included within the Dominion. The exports from Newfoundland and Labrador to Great Britain amounted to 519,0447.-oil, 186,7517.; fish, 135,7261.; copper ore and regulus, 73,6351.; and the imports of British produce to 563,6477. in the year 1883. The principal articles of British import into Newfoundland and Labrador in 1883 were apparel and haberdashery, of the value of 123,0037.; cotton manufactures, of the value of 60,5157.; iron, wrought and unwrought, 40,113.; woollens, 64,9217.

The tonnage of shipping registered in each of the provinces of the Dominion on December 31, 1883, was as follows:

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