are rye, barley, and oats (about four-fifths of the arable area), and wheat. Of the total area, 2,681,691 acres were under cereals in 1882, producing 86,706,937 bushels.

Cattle-rearing is becoming increasingly important in Denmark. In 1871 there were 1,238,898 cattle of all kinds, and in 1881, 1,470,0797. In 1881 only 2,126 cattle were imported, while 84,586 were exported. In 1881 there were 347,561 horses and 1,548,613 sheep, the latter on the decrease. Of sheep 16,988 were imported and 72,487 exported in 1881, and 9,800 cwt. of wool imported and 22,300 cwt. exported. In 1871 there were 442,421 swine, and in 1881, 527,417; the import in 1881 was 17,438 and export 253,294.

Between 1878 and 1884 the number of sailing vessels had decreased from 3,041 of 213,201 tons, to 3,009 of 194,208 tons; while the steamers had increased from 188 of 45,124 tons, to 258 of 81,042 tons (including colonies), besides 10,942 vessels under 4 tons. In 1883, 26,526 vessels, of 2,973,070 tons, entered, and 25,132, of 2,944,082, cleared the Danish ports, besides 25,778 coasting vessels entered and 24,106 cleared. Of the vessels entered, 12,417 of 1,484,030 tons, and of those cleared 11,198 of 1,418,556 tons were under the Danish flag.

There are railways of a total length of 1,106 Engl. miles, open for traffic in the kingdom. Of this total, 932 Engl. miles belonged to the State, the total cost of which up to March 31, 1883, had been 7,537,1637.

The Post Office in the year 1882 carried 28,096,000 letters and post-cards, and 30,787,000 newspapers. Receipts, 276,8441.; expenses, 254,7107. The Telegraphs in the same year carried 1,216,307 messages, of which 486,765 were internal, 399,082 international, and 24,187 official. The total length of telegraph lines belonging to the State, at the end of 1882, was 2,283 Engl. miles, and the length of wires 6,316 Engl. miles. At the same date, there were 307 telegraph offices, of which 155 belonged to railway companies, and 152 to the State. Receipts, 42,2461.; expenses, 59,6617.

Colonies.

The colonial possessions of Denmark consist of the following territories, chiefly islands, in Europe and America. The area and population are given after the census return of February 1, 1880:

The possessions in the West Indies alone are of any commercial importance. The inhabitants, mostly free negroes, are engaged in the · cultivation of the sugar cane, exporting annually from 12 to 16 million pounds of raw sugar, besides 1 million gallons of rum. The value of the total exports from St. Croix, St. Thomas, and St. John to the United Kingdom amounted to 100,6507. in 1882 and 45,6961. in 1883; and that of the imports of British produce to 200,7431. in 1882 and 185,6927. in 1883. The chief article of export is unrefined sugar, valued at 98,755l, in 1882 and 25,8907. in 1883; while the British imports are mainly cotton goods, of the value of 63,1017., and coals, 27,8477. in 1883.

Diplomatic Representatives.

1. OF DENMARK IN GREAT BRITAIN.

Envoy and Minister.-Baron Christian Frederik von Falbe, accredited June 28, 1880. Secretary.-W. Count de Sponneck. Attaché. Christian August Gosch.

2. OF GREAT BRITAIN IN DENMARK.

Envoy and Minister.-Hon. Edward John Monson, C.B. Appointed Envoy, Dec. 29, 1884.

Secretaries.-Audley Gosling, Sir Francis C. E. Denys, Bart., Arthur S.

Raikes.

Money, Weights, and Measures.

The money, weights, and measures of Denmark, and the British equivalents, are as follows:

MONEY.

Under a law which came into force on January 1, 1875, the decimal system of currency was introduced in Denmark, the unit being the Krone, or Crown, divided into 100 öre.

Danmark's Statistik. Statistiske Meddelelser, Tredie Raekke. Udgivet af det Statistike Bureau. Kjöbenhavn, 1883.

Kongelig Dansk Hof og Statscalender. Kjöbenhavn, 1884.

Sammendrag af Statistiske Oplysninger. No. 18. Statistiske Meddelelser. 8. Kjöbenhavn, 1880.

Statistisk Tabelvaerk. Fjerde Raekke. Indeholdende Tabeller over Kongeriget Danmarks Vare-Indförsel og Udförsel samt Skibsfart m. m. Udgivet af det statistiske Bureau.-Kongerigets Handels-Flaade og Skibsfart i Aaret 1883. 4. Kjöbenhavn. 1884.

Folkemængden i Kongeriget Danmark den 1ste Februar, 1880. Kjöbenhavn, 1883.

Report by Mr. Gosling on Denmark generally in Part I., and on Trade and Shipping in Part IV. of 'Reports of H.M.'s Secretaries of Embassy.' London, 1883.

Report by Mr. Gosling on the Danish Harvest in 1883, in ‘Reports of H.M.'s Secretaries of Embassy.' Part II. 1884. London, 1884. Report by Consul Harris on the Trade and Commerce of Denmark in 1881, in 'Reports of H.M.'s Consuls.' Part I. London, 1883.

Report by Consul Harris on the Trade and Commerce of Denmark for 1881 and 1882, in 'Reports of H.M.'s Consuls.' Part II. 1884. London, 1884. Report on Denmark as a grain-producing country by Consul Ryder, in 'Reports of the Consuls of the United States,' August, 1883. Washington, 1883. Trade of Denmark with the United Kingdom; in 'Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions in the year 1883.' Imp. 4. London, 1884.

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Baggesen (A.), Den Danske Stat i Aaret 1860. Fremstillet geographisk og statistisk, tillige fra et militairt Standpunkt. 2 vols. 8. Kjöbenhavn, 1860–63. Falbe-Hansen (V.), and Scharling (Wm.), Danmark's Statistik. 8. Kjöbenhavn, 1878-79.

Otté (E. C.), Denmark and Iceland. 8vo. London, 1881.

Petersen (C. P. N.), Love og andre offentlige Kundgjorelser, &c., vedkommende Landvaesenet i Kongeriget Danmark. 8. Kjöbenhavn, 1865.

Rainals (Harry), The State of Agriculture in Denmark. In Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England,' vol. xxi. 8. London, 1866.

Trap (J. P.), Statistisk-topographisk Beskrivelse af Kongeriget Danmark. 2nd ed. 4 vols. 8. Kjöbenhavn, 1872-78.

FRANCE.

(RÉPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE.)

Constitution and Government.

THE present constitution of France, voted by the National Assembly, elected in 1871, bears date February 25, 1875, and was partially revised in July 1884. It vests the legislative power in an assembly of two houses, the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, and the executive in a chief magistrate called President of the Republic. The Chamber of Deputies is elected by universal suffrage, under the 'scrutin d'arrondissement,' adopted by the National Assembly, November 11, 1875. The law orders that every arrondissement has to elect one deputy, and if its population is in excess of 100,000, an additional deputy for each 100,000, or portion thereof. There were 10,204,228 électeurs politiques,' or persons possessing votes, in the year 1884, that is 1 in every 3.7 of the population, or 26.85 per cent. of the total population. At the election of 1881 6,944,531, or 69 per cent., of the electors voted. There are 10,062,425 municipal electors. To be an elector a man must be twenty-one years old, and be possessed of citizenship, which is obtained by a two years' residence in any one town or canton. Men once convicted of felony or desertion are perpetually disfranchised; while the only requisite for a deputy is to be a citizen and twenty-five years of age. There are 557 members in the Chamber of Deputies. The Senate is composed of 300 members, of whom 75 originally held their seats for life; but by the Senate Bill of 1884 it was enacted that vacancies among the existing Life Senatorships should be filled up as they arose by the election of ordinary nineyear Senators. In time, therefore, the seats of the 75 Life Senators will have been distributed among the different departments by ballot, and proportionately to departmental population. The Departmental Senatorships are divided into three classes (originally of 75 each), one class retiring by rotation every three years. The election of these Senators is by an indirect process. In the first instance, the communes or municipalities of France, large and small, elect by a majority of their members each one delegate or more, according to population. By the revision of 1884, Paris has 30 Senators, and some other large cities 20, 15, or 10 respectively. The delegates, after a lapse of two months, meet together, along with the members of each departmental Council-General, and the deputies of the department who are ex-officio Senatorial electors to choose the Senators. No other qualification is required for a Senator than to be a Frenchman, at least forty years of age; but by the Act of 1884, all princes of deposed dynasties are precluded from

sitting in the Upper House. Generals or Admirals on active service are also debarred. The Senate and Chamber of Deputies assemble every year on the second Tuesday in January, unless a previous summons is made by the President of the Republic, and they must remain in session at least five months out of the twelve.

The Chamber of Deputies is elected for the term of four years. The President is bound to convoke them if the demand is made by one-half of the number of members composing each Chamber. The President can adjourn the Chambers, but the adjournment cannot exceed the term of a month, nor occur more than twice in the same session. The Senate has conjointly with the Chamber of Deputies the right of initiating and framing laws. Nevertheless, financial laws must be first presented to and voted by the Chamber of Deputies.

Both the Senators and the Deputies receive payment for their services, the Deputies at 9,000 francs, the Senators at 15,000 francs a year. In the budget for 1884 the expenses connected with the Senate were fixed at 4,600,000 francs, or 184,000l., and those of the Chamber of Deputies at 7,160,780 francs, or 286,4317., being a total of 11,760,780 francs, or 470,4317.

The President of the Republic is elected, by a majority of votes, by the Senate and Chamber of Deputies, united in National Assembly. He is nominated for seven years, and is re-eligible. The President has the initiative of legislation concurrently with the two Chambers. He promulgates the laws when they have been voted by the two Chambers, and insures the execution of them. He has the right of individual pardon, but cannot proclaim a general amnesty. He disposes of the armed force, and he appoints to all civil and military posts. Every act of the President must be countersigned by a Minister. The President may, with the assent of the Senate, dissolve the Chamber of Deputies before the legal expiration of its term, but in such event the electoral colleges must be summoned for new elections within three months. The ministers as a body are responsible to the Chambers for the general policy of the Government, and individually for their personal acts. The President is responsible only in case of high treason. By a special article, appended to the constitution of 1875, dated July 16, 1875, it is enacted that the President of the Republic cannot declare war without the previous assent of the two Chambers.' In the event of a vacancy, the two united Chambers must proceed immediately to the election of a new President of the Republic.

President of the Republic-François P. Jules Grévy, born at Mont-sous-Vaudrey, dep. Jura, August 15, 1813; studied law; member of the Constituent Assembly, 1848-9, and of the Legislative Body, 1868-70; member of the National Assembly, 1871-5, and President of the Assembly, 1871-3; President of the Chamber of