The French metric system of weights and measures was established by law in 1860, but has not yet come into general use.

Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning Peru, 1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Demarcacion politica del Peru. Edicion oficial de la direccion de estadística. Fol. Lima, 1874.

Paz Soldan (Mariano Felipe), Diccionario Geográfico-Estadístico del Peru: Contiene ademas la Etimologia Aymara y Quechua de las principales poblaciones, Lagos, Rios, Cerros, &c. 8. Lima, 1879.

Raimondi, Antonio. 'El Peru.' 3 vols. Published Lima, 1874.

Report by Sir Spenser St. John, British Minister, on the population, mining industry, and railways of Peru; in Reports from H.M.'s Secretaries of Embassy and Legation. Part IV. 1878. 8. London, 1878.

Report by Mr. Consul Graham on the trade of Islay, dated Islay, January 15, 1875; in Reports from H.M.'s Consuls.' Part III. 1875. 8. London, 1875. Reports by Mr. Consul Nugent on the trade of Arica; by Mr. Consul March on the trade of Callao; and by Mr. Consul Graham on the trade and commerce of Islay, dated Feb. 1876; in 'Reports from H.M.'s Consuls.' Part VI. 1876. 8. London, 1876.

in

Reports by Mr. Consul March on the trade of Callao, and by Mr. ActingConsul Robilliard on the trade of Islay, dated January-May 1877; Reports from H.M.'s Consuls.' Part V. 1877. 8. London, 1877. Report by Mr. Acting-Consul Robilliard on the trade of Mollendo (Islay), dated February 7, 1879; in Reports from H.M.'s Consuls.' Part II. 1879. 8. London, 1879.

Trade of Peru with Great Britain; in Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions for the year 1883.' Imp. 4. London, 1884.

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Albertini (L. E.), Pérou en 1878. Paris, 1878.

Bates (H. W.), Central and South America. London, 1882.

Chèrot (A.), Le Pérou Productions, Guano, Commerce, Finances, &c. 8. Paris, 1876.

Duffield (A.), Peru in the Guano Age. 8. London, 1877.

Fuentes (Manuel A.), Lima, or Sketches of the Capital of Peru: Historical, Statistical, Administrative, Commercial, and Moral. 8. London, 1866. Grandidier (E.), Voyage dans l'Amérique du Sud, Pérou et Bolivie. 8. Paris,

1863.

Hill (S. S.), Travels in Peru and Mexico. 2 vols. 8. London, 1860. Hutchinson (T. J.), Two Years in Peru. 2 vols. 8. London, 1874. Markham (Clements R.), Travels in Peru and India, while superintending the collection of Chinchona plants and seeds in South America, and their Introduction into India. 8. London, 1862.

Markham (C. R.), Cuzco and Lima. London, 1858.

Markham (C. R.), The War between Peru and Chili, 1879-81. London,

1883.

Markham (C. R.), Peru. 1881.

Menendez (D. Baldomero), Manuel de geografia y estadistica del Perú. 12.

Paris, 1862.

Paz Soldan (Mariano Felipe), Historia del Peru Independente. 3 vols. Squier (E. G.), Peru: Incidents of travels and exploration in the Land of the Incas. 8. London, 1877.

Temple (Edmond), Travels in various parts of Peru. 2 vols. London, 1830. The Railways of Peru in 1873. 8. London, 1874.

Tschudi (Joh. Jakob von), Reisen durch Südamerika. 5 vols. 8. Leipzig, 1866-68.

Ursel (Comte C. d'), Sud-Amérique: Séjours et voyages au Brésil, en Bolivie, et au Pérou. 12. Paris, 1879.

Wappaeus (Joh. Eduard), Die Republic Peru; in Stein's Handbuch der Geographie und Statistik.' Part III. 8. Leipzig, 1864.

Wiener (Charles), Perou et Bolivie. Paris, 1880.

SAN DOMINGO.

(REPÚBLICA DOMINICA.)

Constitution and Government.

THE republic of San Domingo, founded in 1844, is governed under a constitution bearing date November 18, 1844, re-proclaimed, with changes, November 14, 1865, after a revolution which expelled the troops of Spain, who held possession of the country for the two previous years. By the terms of the constitution the legislative power of the republic is vested in a National Congress of two Houses, called the Consego conservador, and the Tribunado, the first consisting of twelve, and the second of fifteen members. The members of both Houses are chosen in indirect election, with restricted suffrage, for the term of four years. But the powers of the National Congress only embrace the general affairs of the republic; and the individual states, five in number, have separate legislatures. The executive of the republic is vested in a President, chosen in indirect election for the term of four years. Constant insurrections have allowed very few Presidents to serve the full term of office, but during the past five years (1883), according to the British Consular Reports, the country has been going on prosperously, and become comparatively quiet.

President of the Republic.-General Francisco Bellini, elected President, July 1884.

The administrative affairs of the republic are in charge of a ministry appointed by the President, with the approval of the Consego conservador. The ministry is composed of the heads of the departments of the Interior and Police, Finance, Justice, War and Marine, and Foreign Affairs.

Revenue, Population, and Trade.

The financial estimates of the republic for the year 1882 set down the revenue as 1,500,000 dollars, or 300,000l., with an expenditure to the same amount. The actual revenue for 1883 is returned at 306,7231., including a balance of 20,000l. from previous year, mainly derived from customs duties, which average 66 per cent.; the expenditure is returned at the same, one-third being for war and marine. Besides an internal debt, officially returned (January 1884) at 779,2607., San Domingo has a foreign debt contracted at the London Stock Exchange in 1869. The debt, to the nominal amount of 757,7007., at 6 per cent., was issued at the price of 80; but it was stated officially that the Government had actually received only between 38,000l. and 50,000l. from the contractors for the loan.-(Report of the Select Committee on Loans to Foreign

States, 1875.) The foreign debt in 1883 amounted, according to the official statement of the Council of Foreign Bondholders, to 714,300l., with unpaid interest amounting to 450,000l. But, according to the Report of the United States Consul, referring to 1883, the foreign debt admitted by the Government amounts to 123,2001. According to the same Report, in the expenditure for 1883, 16,4137. was allotted to pay the internal debt, and 10,8367. to the foreign debt.

The area of San Domingo, which embraces the eastern portion of the Island of Haiti-the western division forming the republic of Haiti (see p. 590)—is estimated at 18,045 English square miles, with a population in 1883 estimated at between 350,000 and 400,000 inhabitants, or about 20 to the square mile.

The republic is divided into the five provinces, or states, mutually independent, of San Domingo, Azua de Compostela, Santa Cruz del Seybo, Santiago de los Caballeros, and Concepsion de la Vega, besides four maritime districts. The population, like that of the neighbouring Haiti, is composed mainly of negroes and mulattoes, but the whites, or European-descended inhabitants, are comparatively numerous, and owing to their influence the Spanish language is the prevailing dialect. Capital of the republic is the city of San Domingo, founded 1494, at the mouth of the river Ozama, with 10,000 inhabitants.

The commerce of the republic is small, owing in part to customs' duties of a prohibitory character, but is stated to be increasing. The principal articles of exportare lignum vitæ, logwood, mahogany, coffee, tobacco, and sugar. The export of mahogany has decreased in recent years, but sugar is assuming more and more importance. Cocoa is also cultivated. In 1883 the value of the imports amounted to 628,4207., and of the exports to 425,8531. The foreign commerce is shared by the ports of San Domingo and Puerto Plata, with the recently opened ports of Samaná, Azua, Monte Cristi, Barahona, and Macoris; the bulk of the trade is with the two first. The commerce of the republic is mainly with the United States and West Indies. In the Annual Statement of the Board of Trade' the exports to and imports from Great Britain are added to those of Haiti. (See p. 591.) The imports from Great Britain consist of cottons, linens, woollens, hardware, rice, and railway material.

The country is stated to be making rapid progress; the interior, however, is entirely without roads, though a railway is being constructed between Samaná and Santiago, embracing the whole of the rich provinces of the north of the republic, and another line is contemplated between Barahona and the salt mountain of Cerro de Sal. Large sugar plantations and factories are stated to be now in full work in the south and west part of the republic, and

a large factory for concrete owned by an English company. In 1882 it is estimated that 10,000 tons of sugar, besides molasses, were produced; and that the capital invested in sugar factories amounts to 1,000,000l. sterling (1883).

At the ports of San Domingo and Puerto Plata 297 foreign vessels of 192,042 tons entered and cleared in 1883, of which 34, of 3,036 tons, were British.

Diplomatic and Consular Representatives.

1. OF SAN DOMINGO IN GREAT BRITAIN.

Chargé d'Affaires.- E. Betances.

Consul.-Miguel Ventura, appointed January 1876.

2. OF GREAT BRITAIN IN SAN DOMINGO.

Consul.-H. T. Carew-Hunt.

Money, Weights, and Measures.

The money, weights, and measures of San Domingo are those of Spain, but the French metrical system is coming into use.

Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning San Domingo. 1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Report by Major Robert Stuart, British Minister, on the commerce and shipping of the Dominican Republic for the year 1875, dated Port-au-Prince, March 1876; in Reports by H.M.'s Secretaries of Embassy and Legation.' Part III. 1876. 8. London, 1876.

Report by Major Robert Stuart on the condition of the Island of Haiti, dated Port-au-Prince, February 3, 1877; in 'Reports by H.M.'s Secretaries of Embassy and Legation.' Part II. 1877. 8. London, 1877.

Report by Major Stuart; in Reports of H.M.'s Secretaries of Embassy and Legation.' Part I. 1882.

Reports on the trade and commerce of Puerto Plata, in Part III., and of San Domingo, in Part V., of 'Reports of H.M.'s Consuls.' 1884.

Reports on the commerce and finance of San Domingo, in Reports from the Consuls of the United States.' No. XLV. 1884. Washington, 1884. Trade of Haiti and San Domingo with Great Britain; in Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom for the year 1883.' Imp. 4. London, 1884.

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Hazard (Samuel), Santo Domingo, Past and Present; with a Glance at Haiti, 8 pp. 511. London, 1873.

Jordan (Wilhelm), Geschichte der Insel Haiti. 2 vols. 8. Leipzig, 1849. Keim (D. B. Randolph), Santo Domingo. Pen Pictures and Leaves of Travel. 12. Philadelphia, 1871.

Monte y Tejada (Antonio), Historia de Santo Domingo, desde su Descubrimiento hasta nuestros dias. Tomo I. (all published.) 8. Habana, 1853.,