The average density of the population of the States and Territories in 1870 was 13.30 per square mile, and in 1880 it was 17.29. The total increase in ten years in the States and Territories has been 11,597,412, or at the rate of 3 per cent. per annum during the decennial period. The apparent enormous increase of the coloured population (which is not added to by immigration), at the rate of 3 per cent. per annum, by excess of births alone is partly accounted for by the defective enumeration of 1870.

As regards sex, the total population of the States and Territories at the census of 1880 comprised 25,518,820 males and 24,636,963 females. In the Mormon territory of Utah there were 74,509 males and 69,454 females at the census of 1880.

At the first census of the Union, in 1790, there existed only 17 States, the largest of which, as then constituted, was Virginia, with a population of 747,610, and the smallest, Tennessee, with a population of 35,691. At the second census, in 1800, there were 20

States, the largest, Virginia, with a population of 880,200, and the smallest, Indiana, with 5,641 inhabitants. Virginia still took the lead at the third census in 1810, with a population of 974,601. At the fourth census, in 1820, there were 27 States, New York standing first with 1,372,111, and Michigan last with 8,765 inhabitants. All the succeeding enumerations gave the State of New York the first place. The sixth census, of 1840, included 29 States. The seventh census of 1850 added 2 Territories, New Mexico and Utah, to 33 existing States. At the eighth census, of 1860, there were 36 States and 6 Territories, while the ninth census included 37 States and 10 Territories; the tenth, 38 States and 9 Territories.

There were, in 1880, in the United States, 339,098 Indians (including Alaska). Of these, there were 243,527 in the Indian Territory or attached to the Indian Agency, and 66,407 of outside or tax-paying Indians. There are about 8,655 Indians in Alaska, most of the remaining population being Eskimo.

In 1882 the United States spent nearly 10 million dollars on the Indians, and in 1883, 7,362,590 dollars. There are 66 agencies throughout the States.

There is no systematic registration of births, deaths, and marriages in the United States, so that it is not possible to ascertain the growth of population by the excess of births alone. The death rate is comparatively low; in 1880 the total number of deaths was 756,893, or 15·1 per 1,000.

The following table shows the comparative increase of the population during the last four decades by reproduction and by immigration:

The estimated population on July 1, 1884, was 55,554,000. Although there are poor-laws in the States the statistics of pauperism, except for indoor paupers, are not recorded. The total number of indoor paupers in the census year was (1880) 67,067, in addition to whom 21,598 outdoor paupers were reported, but the

latter figure is probably far below the truth. In 1880 there were 59,255 criminals in the prisons, only 5,069 of whom were women.

Of the population of the States and Territories in 1880, 43,475,840 were natives, and 6,679,943 foreign-born. Including the latter there were 12,978,394 residents of foreign-born parentage. Of this total 4,529,523 had Irish fathers, and 4,444,421 Irish mothers; 4,883,842 German fathers, and 4,557,629 German mothers; 2,039,808 with fathers, and 1,790,200 with mothers, natives of Great Britain.

The following table shows the origin of the foreign-born population:

Wales

Unspecified

It will thus be seen that the foreign-born population formed 9.5 per cent. of the total population, and of that 412 per cent. are natives of Great Britain, and of these two-thirds come from Ireland. Of the total foreign-born population 71 per cent. came from Great Britain and Germany, and only a small percentage came from countries not prevailingly Teutonic. Besides the countries above mentioned, at least seventeen others are represented among the foreign-born population of the United States. Of New York city one-third of the population is foreign-born.

Of a total population of 36,761,607 over ten years of age, 17,392,099 were engaged in the various professional and industrial occupations, and of these 2,647,157 were females. These were distributed as follows:

Of those engaged in agriculture, 4,225,945 were returned as farmers and planters, and 3,323,876 as agricultural labourers. Of

the professional and personal' class, 1,859,223 were labourers, and 1,075,655 domestic servants; 67,081 government officials, 85,671 physicians and surgeons, 64,698 clergymen, and 64,137 lawyers. Of those engaged in trade and transportation, about 280,000 were 'traders and dealers.' Of the last class 234,228 are returned as miners, 114,539 as engaged in iron and steel works, 169,771 cotton mill operatives; saw-mill operatives, 77,050; silk-mill operatives, 18,071; woollen-mill operatives, 88,010.

There were in 1870 twenty-five and in 1880 thirty-four towns in the United States with upwards of 50,000 inhabitants. The following table gives the population of the thirty-four towns in 1870 and also the figures of population for 1880, showing the growth within the decennial period

The total urban population in 1880 was 11,318,547.

The immense extent of land forming part of the United States, as yet uninhabited and uncultivated, is held to be national property, at the disposal of Congress and the executive of the Republic. The public lands of the United States which are still undisposed of lie in 19 States and 8 Territories. The public lands are divided into two great classes. The one class have a dollar and a quarter an acre designated as the minimum price, and the other two dollars and half an acre, the latter being the alternate sections, reserved by the United States in land grants to railroads, &c. Titles to these lands may be acquired by private entry or location under the homestead,

pre-emption and timber-culture laws; or, as to some classes, by purchase for cash. The homestead laws give the right to 160 acres of a dollar-and-a-quarter lands, or to 80 acres of two-dollar-anda-half lands, to any citizen or applicant for citizenship over twenty-one who will actually settle upon and cultivate the land. The title is perfected by the issue of a patent after five years of actual settlement. The only charges in the case of homestead entries are fees and commissions. Another large class of free entries of public lands is that provided for under the Timber-Culture Acts of 1873-78. The purpose of these laws is to promote the growth of forest trees on the public lands. They give the right to any settler who has cultivated for two years as much as five acres in trees to an 80-acre homestead, or, if ten acres, to a homestead of 160 acres, and a free patent for his land is given him at the end of three years instead of five. Up to the middle of 1883, there were 1,814,793,938 acres of public lands in the States and Territories, of which 886,367,361 had been surveyed. Of the total area of the United States, 1,400,000 square miles, or 896,000,000 acres were unoccupied at the census of 1880. Upwards of 85 million acres of land are settled under the Homestead and Timber-Culture Acts. In 1882-83, there were 8,171,914 acres taken up under the Homestead Act, and 3,110,930 under the Timber-Culture Act. Besides these 5,547,610 acres were sold for cash, and the total number of acres of public lands disposed of during the year was 19,430,032, the money received being 2,342,7761. Of the public lands in 1883, 369,529,690 acres were in Alaska, and 100,922,640 in California. It is provided by law that two sections, of 640 acres of land in each township," are reserved for common schools, so that the spread of education may go together with colonisation.

6

The power of Congress over the public territory is exclusive and universal, except so far as restrained by stipulations in the original cessions.

Immigration.

From 1775 to 1815 immigration into the United States was very small, on account of the American Revolution and the European wars, not over 3,000 or 4,000 a year arriving during this period. When peace between England and America was re-established, in 1815, immigration took a fresh start. The famine of 1816 and 1817 gave the first powerful impulse to a larger immigration from Germany, and after the year 1820 a never-interrupted stream of population kept flowing into the United States. It has been estimated that the total number of aliens arriving in the United States from 1789 to 1820 was about 250,000. Between 1820 and 1879,