276 men; total, 341. The colonial military establishment comprises both permanent and volunteer forces. The strength of the former is:-General staff, 10; artillerymen, 313; total, 323. The strength of the volunteer force is 1,789 men of all ranks. The forces, which are exclusive of those belonging to the Imperial Government, represented by the war ships on the Australian station, are under the nominal control of the Governor of New South Wales, as Commander-in-Chief, the total cost for the year 1883, including that of the training ship Wolverene, being 86,4227., including the sums voted for fortifications and other defence works. Religion and Education. Of the population in 1881, 516,612 were Protestants, 207,606 Roman Catholics, 3,266 Jews; others, 1,042; unspecified, 136,971; Pagans, 9,345. Of the Protestants, 34,238 belonged to Church of England; 72,545 Presbyterians; 64,352 Methodists. The following statement refers to 1884 :-Anglican Church: churches, 507; ministers, 245; average attendance, 65,217. Presbyterians: churches, 363; ministers, 217; attendance, 34,231. Wesleyan Methodists: churches, 308; ministers, 112; attendance, 27,726. Other Protestants: 171 churches; 105 ministers; attendance, 30,489. Roman Catholics: 346 churches, 201 ministers, 64,576 attendance. Education is under the control of the State. The amount expended by the Department of Public Instruction in 1883 was 870,5711. The schools immediately under the control of the Department include (1884) one training school for male and one for female teachers; 6 high schools and 1,354 public schools, with an average attendance of 148,116 scholars; 226 provisional schools, with an average attendance of 4,966 scholars; 106 half-time and house-to-house schools, with an average attendance of 2,008 scholars; and 23 evening schools, with an average attendance of 734, making a total of 155,824 scholars, with 2,987 teachers. With special schools, the totals will be 3,023 teachers and 157,217 scholars. The University of Sydney has (1884) 17 professors and 128 students, and an income in 1883 of 22,5947. 19s. There are four colleges and one grammar school, with 31 teachers and 577 students, and 588 private schools, with 1,473 teachers and 32,107 scholars, making a total of 2,315 educational institutions, 4,543 teachers, and 189,983 scholars. Revenue and Expenditure. The principal part of the public revenue, in recent years, was derived from the sale and rent of public lands, which produced more than one-half of the total annual receipts, but in 1884 these sales were partially stopped on account of a new Land Act which came into force Jan. 1, 1885. The next important source of revenue was from customs duties, which yielded, on the average, nearly onefourth of the total annual receipts. The only direct tax is the stamp tax. The revenue and expenditure of the colony, including under the first head loans, and under the latter sums disbursements for public works, were as follows in each of the five years 1879 to 1883 :— Years The revenue for 1884 was estimated at 7,466,5677., and expenditure, 7,278,5381.; for 1885, revenue 8,695,9297., expenditure 8,420,5751. The public debt of the colony amounted to 30,132,4597. on Dec. 31, 1884. The debt was chiefly incurred for railways, telegraphs, and other reproductive public works. The expenditure on railways and telegraphs alone amounted to 17,654,0797. at the end of Dec. 1882. Area and Population. New South Wales now contains an area of 309,175 square miles, being enclosed within the parallels of 28° and 37° south latitude, and 141° and 154° of east longitude. In 1788 the total population of the colony, including the Government establishment and convicts, amounted to 1,030, and in 1810 the population, free and felon, had risen to 8,293. In 1821 the inhabitants of New South Wales had increased to 29,783, and in 1828 to 36,598. Of this number, 14,156 were male, and 1,513 female convicts. The colony was relieved from the transportation of criminals in 1840. According to the returns of the census, taken April 2, 1871, the total population of the colony, exclusive of aborigines, was 503,981, comprising 275,551 males and 228,430 females. The population on April 3, 1881, was 751,468-411,149 males and 340,319 females. The increase in the ten years was 49 per cent., or 49 per annum. The estimated population at the end of 1883 was 869,310. The excess of immigration over emigration averaged 10,000 annually in the seven years from 1874 to 1880. In 1883, the immigrants numbered 75,575 and emigrants 34,396, leaving a net total of 41,179 immigrants. The births in the year 1883 were 31,281 and deaths 12,249, showing an excess of 19,032. The marriages were 7,405. The population of Sydney, capital of New South Wales, numbered 220,427 at the census of April 3, 1881, the total comprising 99,670 inhabitants within the city, and 120,757 in the suburbs. The increase of population in the decennial period 1871-81 was 89,272, or 66 per cent. The estimated population in 1884 was 250,000. Trade and Industry. as The value of the total imports and exports, including bullion and specie, in each of the five years 1879 to 1883, was follows:: Rather more than one-third of the total imports into New South Wales come from the United Kingdom, and about one-third of the exports are shipped to it. The rest of the trade is chiefly with British Possessions. The commercial intercourse (inclusive of gold) of the colony with the United Kingdom is shown in the following tabular statement, for each of the five years from 1879 to 1883 : Years Exports from New South Wales to £ Imports of The staple article of exports from New South Wales to the United Kingdom is wool, the quantities and values of which were as follows in each of the five years from 1879 to 1883: Next to wool, the most important articles of export to Great Britain are tin, of the value of 973,5701.; copper, of the value of 437,6757.; tallow, of the value of 362,1371.; preserved meat, of the value of 320,4377. The imports from Great Britain consist of all the chief articles of British manufacturing industry, chief among them iron, of the value of 1,083,410l.; apparel and haberdashery, of the value of 1,009,2397., and cotton goods, of the value of 810,1047. in 1883. The total area leased for pastoral purposes in 1883 was 229,320 square miles. The extent of agricultural holdings was 33,352,998 acres, and the land in cultivation, 789,082 acres. Under wheat are 289,757 acres, yielding 4,345,437 bushels in 1884, and under maize, 123,634 acres, yielding 4,538,604 bushels. Under sugarcane, in 1884, were 7,583 acres, yielding 35,220,640 lbs. of sugar. The vine is also largely cultivated. Of wine, 589,604 gallons were made in 1884. In October 1884, New South Wales. had 34,000,000 sheep; 1,646,753 horned cattle; 326,964 horses; and 189,050 pigs. New South Wales is believed to be richer in coal than the other territories of Australasia. There were 59 mines in 1884, employing 5,481 men; the quantity raised in 1883 was 2,521,457 tons, valued at 1,201,9417. The gold produce of the colony in 1883 was 122,256 ounces, valued at 341,1247. The colony likewise possesses valuable copper and tin mines, the former producing 6,442 tons of copper in 1883, valued at 368,4097.; of tin 6,897 tons were raised, valued at 341,1247. Considerable deposits of argentiferous ore have been found in the colony. The In 1883 there were 1,320 miles of railway open for traffic, and 597 miles under construction. The whole of the lines open were built by the Government, at an expenditure of 16,905,0147. earnings in 1883 amounted to 1,931,464/., and expenses 1,177,7881. Of telegraphs there were in the colony 17,272 miles of wire in 1883, constructed at a cost of 569,3157., with 368 stations. The paid messages transmitted in 1883 numbered 2,107,288. Post-office of the colony transmitted 35,462,400 letters, 19,577,300 newspapers, and 1,648,900 packets in the year 1883. The At the close of 1883 there were 13 banks in the colony, with paid-up capital of 10,256,500l.; liabilities, 26,154,5601.; assets. 33,392,6527.; notes in circulation, 1,757,0731. Agent-General of New South Wales in Great Britain.—Sir Saul Samuel, K.C.M.G., appointed August 1880. Secretary.-Samuel Yardley. NEW ZEALAND. Constitution and Government. THE present form of government for New Zealand was established by statute 15 & 16 Vict. cap. 72, passed in 1852. By this Act, the Colony was divided into six provinces, afterwards increased to nine, namely, Auckland, Taranaki, Wellington, Nelson, Canterbury, Otago, Hawke's Bay, Westland, and Marlborough, each governed by a Superintendent and Provincial Council, elected by the inhabitants according to a franchise which practically amounts to household suffrage. By a subsequent Act of the Colonial Legislature, 39 Vict., No. XXI., passed in 1875, the provincial system of government was abolished, and the powers previously exercised by superintendents and provincial officers were ordered to be exercised by the Governor or by local boards. By the terms of this and other amending statutes, the legislative power is vested in the Governor and a 'General Assembly,' consisting of two Chambers, the first called the Legislative Council, and the second the House of Representatives. The Legislative Council consists of fifty members, nominated by the Crown for life, and the House of Representatives of ninetyfive members, elected by the people for three years. The members of the House of Representatives include four aborigines, or Maoris, elected by the natives. The qualifications of electors are as follow:(a) Residence in the colony and electoral district for six months immediately preceding registration by white males 21 years of age; (b) Possessors of a freehold estate of the value of 251.; (c) Every male Maori, 21 years of age, whose name is on a ratepayer's roll, or has a freehold estate of the value of 25l. In 1883 there were 45,080 European, and 613 Maori freehold electors; 74,466 residential electors, and 242 Maori ratepayers. There are two kinds of local divisions, counties and boroughs, each of which has a certain amount of local self-government, and a rating power to a limited extent. The executive is vested in a Governor, appointed by the Crown. Governor of New Zealand.-Lieut.-General Sir William Francis Drummond Jervois, R.E., C.B., G.C.M.G., born in 1821; joined the Royal Engineers in 1839; 1856-75 on the staff at the War Office; Governor of Straits Settlements, 1875-77; Governor of South Australia, 1877-82; appointed Governor of New Zealand, November, 1882. |