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Field, Miss Elizabeth H., of New York, to Prince Brancaccio, 1870.

Field, Miss Jeanie Lucinda, of New York, to Sir Anthony
Musgrave, 1870.

Field, Mrs., of Philadelphia, to Baron de Fontilliot.
Fish, Miss Edith L., of New York (dead), to the Hon.
Hugh Oliver Northcote, 1883.

Fisher, Miss Blanche, of New York, to Count d'Aramon, 1870.

Fisher, Miss May, of New York, to Comte James d'Aviamon.

Fisher. Miss, of New York, to Count della Gherasdescha,

1872.

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Friedner, Miss Louise, of San Francisco, to Baron Vietinghoff, 1887.

Frost, Miss Louise, of St. Louis, to the Hon. William F. C. Vernon, 1884.

Frost, Miss Evelyn, of St. Louis, to Philip Beresford Hope. 1883.

Frost, Miss Jane G., of St. Louis, to Sir William Molesworth, 1875.

Frost, Miss Louise, of St. Louis, to The Hon. William F. C. Vernon, 1884.

Fry, Miss, of New York, to Marquis Carlo Vetti Torrigiani, 1885.

G.

Gallatin, Mrs. Herbert, of New York, to Count Auguste de Rohan Chabot, 1875.

Garner, Miss Florence, of New York, to Sir William Gordon-Cuming.

Garner, Miss Lita, to the Marquis de Breteuil.

Garrison, Miss Estelle, of New York, to the Hon. Charles Maule Ramsay, 1885.

Gillender, Miss, of New York, to Marquis di San Marzano, 1872.

Gilmour, Miss Eliza, of New Orleans, to Francis MassyDawson, 1870.

Goddard, Miss, of New York, to Prince Charles Poniatowski, 1884.

Gordon, Miss Emily Katherine, of Ohio, to Baron Vilain XIV., 1884.

Gordon, Miss Mabel, to the Hon. Rowland Leigh.

Gould, Miss Anna, of New York, to Count Boni de Castellane.

Grace, Miss Elena, of New York, to the Earl of Donoughmore, Dec. 21, 1901.

Grant, Miss Adele, of New York, to the Earl of Essex. Grant, Miss Julia Dent, of Chicago, to Prince Cantacu

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zene.

Grant, Miss Mary, of Washington, to William Oswald Charlton, 1873.

Green, Miss Josephine, of Georgetown, to Prince Angel Yturbide.

Green, Miss, of San Francisco, to Sir James Home. Greene, Miss Georgiana F., of Virginia, to Alfred William Anson, 1876.

Griffin, Mrs. Charles, of Washington, to the late Count Esterhazy-Golantha, 1883.

H.

Haggin, Miss Ella, of California, to Count Rudolph Festetics. (Divorced.)

Haight, Miss, of New York, to Count de la Torre.
Hale, Miss Josephine, to the Hon. Robert Boyle.
Hamel, Miss, of New York, to Prince Louis of Bourbon.
Hamersley, Mrs. Louis, of New York, to the late Duke
of Marlborough, 1888; Lord William Beresford (a'so
dead).
Hamilton, Miss Margaret, of California, to Sir Sidney
Hedley Waterlow, 1882.

Hammond, Miss Mary, of New York, to Marquis Lanza, 1885.

Hatcher, Miss Louise, of Indiana, to Baron Gomez, 1886.

Hazard, Miss Florence E., of New Jersey, to Prince Franz von Auersperg.

Heine, Miss Alice, of New Orleans, to the late Duke de Richelieu; Prince of Monaco. (Separated.)

Hensler, Miss Elsie, of Boston, morgantic wife of the late Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, King of Portugal, 1869. Created Countess of Edla in Germany.

Hewitt, Miss Marie C., of Ardsley, N. Y., to Edward Jaffray, 1901.

Heyward, Miss Mary, of New York, to Count de Chabot, 1875.

Hoffman, Miss Medora M., of New York, to Marquis de
Mores, 1882.

Holman, Miss, of Baltimore, to Baron Moncheur.
Hooper, Miss Mary, of Cincinnati, to Marquis d'Adda-
Salvaterra, 1877.

Howard, Miss Hanna S., to the Hon. Octavius Lambert.
Howard, Miss, of Boston, to Baron de Stoecke.

Howell, Miss Kate, of South Carolina, to the Earl of Egmont.

Hubbell, Miss Beulah, of Des Moines, Iowa, to Count Hungerford, Miss Ada, of California, to Count Josef TelCarl Axel Wachtmeister.

fener, 1876.

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Princess Auersperg.

Hutton, Miss Annie, of New Jersey, to Count Moltke-
Huitfeldt (Denmark), 1860.
Hutton, Miss Fannie, of New Jersey, to Marchese di
Porta, 1873.
1.

Irby, Miss Alice, to the late Lord Malcolm of Poltallock,
Ives, Mrs. J. P. (nee Motley), to Sir William Vernon
Harcourt.

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Ledoux, Miss Anita, of New Orleans, to Baron de Brin, 1886.

Ledoux, Miss Mary, of New Orleans, to Marquis de Valori, 1888.

Ledyard, Miss Maud, to Baron von Ketteler.

Lee, Miss Mary, of Brooklyn, to the late Prince Frederick of Schleswig-Holstein; then to General Count Waldersee, 1874.

Leiter, Miss Mary, of Chicago, to Lord Curzon, of Keddleston.

Lewis, Miss Bertha, to Prince Charles Isenburg-Birstein Lewis, Miss Mary, of Connecticut, to Count Amadei, 1880.

Livingston, Miss Carola, to Count de Laugier-Villars. Livingston, Miss Elizabeth, of Staatsburg. N. Y., to William G. Cavendish-Bentinck, 1880.

Livermore, Mrs. Charles F., to Baron Raymond de Seilliere.

Lorillard, Mrs. George L., of New York, to Count de Casa de Agreda, 1889.

Lothrop, Miss Emily, of New York, to Baron von Hoyn

ingen-Huene, 1888.

Lowery, Miss Virginia, of Washington, to Duke d'Arcos,

of Spain.

Luckers, Miss Ella, of New York, to Count von Bernstorff, 1888.

M.

Mackay, Miss Eva-(See Bryant).

Mackay, Mrs. Gordon, to Count von Breuning.
Magruder, Miss Helen, of Washington, to the late Lord
Abinger, 1883.

Martin, Miss Cornelia, of New York, to the Earl of
Craven,

McAllister, Miss, of Philadelphia, to Count Folchi-Vici, 1880.

McCall, Miss Meta, of Philadelphia, to Count de Balleroche, 1871.

McCarthy, Miss Amelia, New York, to Comte de Dion, 1883.

McKean, Miss Sallie, of Philadelphia, to Marquis d'Yrujo.

McKnight, Miss Caroline, of Bordentown, N. J., to Count Constantine Buxhoewden, 1847.

McLaw, Miss Helen, of Staten Island, to Marquis de Calderon de Barca, 1879.

McLean, Miss Jessie, of Newburg, to the Hon. Charles Spencer-Cowper, 1871. (Both dead.)

McVicker, Miss Catherine (dead), of New York, to Lord Grantly, 1879.

Meigs, Miss Helen C., of Washington, to Count de Naffray, 1877.

Meinell, Miss Amelia, to Baron Klenck.

Meinell, Miss Elizabeth, of New York, to Baron La Tournelle, 1887.

Meinell, Miss Mary, of New York, to Count d'Avenel, 1880.

Melbourne, Miss Blanche, to the Hon. Randulph Mostyn, Milmo, Miss, of New York, to Prince Albert Radziwill. Miltenberger, Miss, of New Orleans, to Vicomte Roger. Minturn, Miss Susan Carter, of New York, to Thomas Charles Baring, 1859.

Mitchell, Miss Hattie, of Portland, Ore., to the Duke de la Rochefoucauld.

Montgomery, Miss Eulalie, of Louisiana, to Count de Sully-Bethune, 1845.

Montgomery, Miss Laura, of Colorado, to Count Otto de Pourtales, 1881.

Mooney, Miss Margaret, to Lord Sholto Douglas.
Moore, Miss, of Philadelphia, to Baron von Rosen.
Moore, Miss Mary, of Philadelphia, to Baron von Bildt,
1874.
Morgan, Miss May, of Philadelphia, to Sir Francis R.
Plunkett, 1870.

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1876.

Motley, Miss Elizabeth, to Sir William Vernon Harcourt, Motley. Miss Susan, to Colonel Herbert St. John-Mild

may, 1884.

von Hatzfeldt, 1863.

Moulton, Miss Helen, of Albany, to the late Count Paul Moulton, Miss Mary, of Washington, to Baron von Raaben, 1886.

Murphy, Miss Anita Theresa, of San Francisco, to Sir Charles M. Wolseley, 1883.

Murphy, Miss Mathilda M., of New York, to Sir Robert Burnett, 1864.

Mysie, Miss, to Baron Buckley.

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Stevens, Miss Minnie, of New York, to Major-General Arthur Paget.

Stokes, Miss Sarah Phelps, of New York, to Baron Hal-
kett. (Divorced.)

Stokes, Miss, of Philadelphia, to Count Soderini,
Story, Miss Mary, to Commendatore Simeoni Peruzzi,
1889.
T.

Taylor, Miss Theresa, to Comte de Noue.

Terry, Miss Natty, to Prince Guy de Faucigny Lucinge.
Terry, Miss, to Baron de Blanc, 1879.

Thomas, Miss Helen, of New York, to Viscount d'Angle-
mont.

Thorndike, Miss Ella, of New York, to Count de Sartiges, 1874.

Thorne, Miss, of New York, to Comte de Pierre, 1861.

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Urquhardt, Miss Amelie, of New Orleans, to Baron de
Baigne, 1864.

Van Buren, Miss Edith, of New York, to Count de Cas-
telmanardo.

Vanderbilt, Miss Consuelo, of New York, to the present
Duke of Marlborough.

Vanmarter, Miss Leonora, of Tacoma, Wash., to the
Earl of Tankerville.
W.

Phelps, Miss, of Vicksburg, Miss., to Count Piola Ca- Wadsworth, Miss Cornelia, of Washington, to John T. selli. Adair, 1867. Phelps, Miss., to Dr. von Rothenburg. Walker, Miss Mary, of Philadelphia, to Comte de Cibo. Pilie, Miss Marie, of New Orleans, to Baron E. Hirsch, Ward, Miss Adele, to Baron A. von Bulow, 1885. 1876.

Pilie, Miss, of New Orleans, to Marquis de Chasseloup- Ward, Miss Clara, of Detroit, Mich., to the Prince

Loubet, 1874.

Polk, Miss Mary, of Nashville, to General Baron de Cha-
rette, 1879.
lionne.

Porter, Miss Ellen, of Newport, to Count de Castig

R.

Joseph de Caraman de Chimay. (Divorced.)
Warden, Miss Juliet, to The Hon. Sir William H. P.
Carrington.

Wheeler, Miss, of Philadelphia, to Count Maximilian
Pappenheim. (Divorced.)
Whitcomb, Miss Audrie, of California, to Baron Lepic,
1902.

Ray, Miss, of Philadelphia, to Viscount de Courval, 1872. Whitney, Pauline, to Almeric Paget.
(Both dead.)

Ray, Miss Melissa, to Lord Reade.

Reade, Miss Mary, of New York, to Lord Falkland, 1879.
Read, Miss Maria, to Count de Foras.

Reed, Miss Florence V., of New York, to Count De
Bertier De Sauvigny, 1902.

Reid, Miss Ann, of New York, to Sir Arthur P. F.
Aylmer, 1885. (Divorced.)

Richardson, Miss Martha A.. of Philadelphia, to Sir
Charles Kortright. 1862.

Ridgeway, Miss, of Philadelphia, to Comte de Ganay.
Riggs, Miss Cecilia, of Washington, to Sir Henry How-
ard, 1867.

Riggs, Miss, to Prince Paolo Ruspoli.

Rives, Miss Amelie, of Virginia, to Prince Pierre Trou

betzkoy.

Robert, Miss Emily Augusta, of New York, to Sir Ed-
mund Hornby, 1875.

Roosevelt, Miss Cornelia, of New York, to the late Baron
Seydlitz, 1888.

Russell, Miss Edith, of Boston, to the late Baron Play-
fair, 1878; F. Fleming Crooks, Esq.

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Sanger, Miss Helen, of Utica, to Sir Digby Murray, 1861.
Satterfield, Miss Marie, of Buffalo, to Count Franz
Josef von Larisch, 1901.

Schaumberg, Miss Emily, of Philadelphia, to Lieutenant-
Colonel F. C. Hughes-Hallet, 1882.

Scott, Miss Julia, of New York, to Count Erdoedy.
Scullin, Miss Mae, to Baron Carl de Ghest.

Sharon, Miss Florence E., of Nevada, to Sir Thomas
Hesketh, 1888.

Shenley, Miss Elizabeth, to the Hon. Ralph Harbord,
1865.

Sibley, Miss, of Sutton. Mass., to Sir Percy Lampson. Singer, Mrs. Isaac, of Boston, to Duke of Camposelice, 1886.

Singer, Miss Isabella (dead), of Boston, to Duke De

cazes, 1888.

Singer, Miss Winnaretta, of Boston, to Edmond Prince

de Polignac, 1887.

Slidell. Miss, of Virginia, to Count de Saint-Roman 1865.

Slidell, Miss, of Virginia, to Baron Erlanger.

Slocumb, Miss Cora, of New Orleans, to Count de Brazza-Savorgnan, 1887.

Smith, Miss Mimi, of Mobile, to Vicomte de Fontenilliat, 1887.

Spencer, Miss Eleanore, of New York, to Prince Vicovaro,
1870.

Sperry, Miss Elizabeth, of Stockton, Cal.. to Prince
Andre Poniatowski.

Stager, Miss Ellen, of Chicago, to Lord Arthur A. W.
F. Butler, 1877.

Stevens, Miss Maria, of Albany, to Sir Francis Henry
Evans.

Whittier, Miss Susan, of Boston, to Prince Serge Belos-
selsky-Belozersky.

Wickershaw, Miss, of New York, to Count Kessler.
Wickershaw, Miss, of New York, to Marquis de Tiffini.
Wiggin. Miss Catherine, to The Hon. Charles Lawrence,
Williams, Miss Harriet, of Georgetown, to Count de Bo-
disco, 1845.

Willing, Miss Annie, of Philadelphia, to Mungo Mur-
ray, 1841.

Willis. Miss Catherine, of Virginia, to Prince Achille

Murat.

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Yohe, Miss May, of New York, to Lord Francis Hope.
(Divorced.)

Yznaga, Miss Consuelo, of New York, to the eighth
Yznaga, Mrs. Fernando (nee Miss Mabel Wright), of
and late Duke of Manchester, 1876.
New York, to Count Bela Zichy.

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Weights and Measures.

THE INTERNATIONAL METRIC SYSTEM.

By HENRY D. HUBBARD, Secretary of the National Bureau of Standards.

Forty-two nations of the world have adopted the metric system of weights and measures, so that now more than two-thirds of the civilized world is using the meter, liter and kilogram, instead of the yard, quart and pound. In all of those countries which have not yet adopted the metric system the movement for its adoption is very strong. Russia uses the metric system largely in its departments, its statistics and its engineering work. A decree making its use universal in Russia has been prepared by the Minister of Finance and awaits the signature of the Czar.

In England over 292 members of Parliament have signified their intention to vote for the adoption of the metric system.

The present Premier of England strongly favors the system, and the recent conference of Colonial Premiers has emphatically urged its adoption by the mother country. In Denmark a bill providing for the exclusive use of the system in that country has passed the Upper House, and it is thought it will soon pass the Lower Chamber.

In the United States the system is legalized in the whole country, and is the only legal system in Porto Rico and the Philippines. The metric system is also widely used in the Government departments, in our coinage, in the postal service, Coast and Geodetic Survey, and in the scientific work of all departments. Progressive manufacturers in this country are providing metric sized tools and other export products, and issuing catalogues giving dimensions of their standard tools and products in metric units.

From the above it will be seen that the present indications are that the yard, quart and the pound will soon pass out of use, and be replaced by the international system.

THE REASONS FOR THE ADOPTION OF THE METRIC SYSTEM.

The reasons for the adoption of the metric system are:

1. The old systems are entirely unsatisfactory and inadequate for modern needs.

2. The metric system is the only complete international system of weights and measures ever adopted. 3. It is the simplest and most perfect system ever planned.

4. Its standards are constructed upon the best scientific principles and preserved with the greatest care.

MULTIPLICITY OF THE OLD SYSTEMS.

Until the metric system was developed each locality and each industry had its own system of weights and measures; each had developed independently and unrelated. There was a measure for beer and a measure for milk; a measure for wine and capacity measure for dry articles. These standards were not even of the same size in adjoining localities, and, as it has been pointed out, not even the same on different market days (in Shropshire).

More than 235 values have been found for the pound; more than 50 for the mile; more than 30 for the pint. The German States alone had 16 different standard feet. The measures in the various wards of Paris at the time of the Revolution differed widely. Even within the limits of the city of Paris large divergencies were shown in the ordinary standards of length.

ONE DECIMETER

ONE CUBIC DECIMETER OF WATER WEIGHS ONE KILOGRAM AND MEASURES ONE ́LITER

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Nor do we need to go back. At the present day the city of Philadelphia uses three different standards of length for the city survey. Brooklyn uses at least four, and a similar state of affairs can easily be shown in other cities.

Our United States gallon differs from the British gallon by nearly 20 per cent; our bushel differs from theirs by 68 cubic inches, and even our pounds or our yards are not identical as legally defined in these two countries.

In the different industries-the jewellers use one set of weights to measure gold, and another to measure lead. The avoirdupois pound is the larger, but the troy is the larger ounce, so that while an ounce of gold is heavier than an ounce of lead, a pound of lead is heavier than a pound of gold.

Similarly, there are systems of measures for stone and timber, another to measure drugs, one to measure liquids, and one for dry commodities; there is a diamond measure, a troy (jewellers' measure), and there are land measures and nautical measures. At least twelve systems of weights and measures are now in use in the United States, not including the various special measures used in the various industries, such as dents, beers, porties, runs, cuts, hanks, bolts, lees, spindles and nails, which are used in the textile industry alone. Other industries could furnish similar lists of special units, in all making a bewildering aggregate of terms. CONFUSION OF EXISTING SYSTEMS.

These various systems are not simply related. The surveyor's link is 7.92"; while some surveyors use the foot as the unit, dividing it into tenths, making still greater confusion.

The gallon is used as a weight in the wholesale oil business, and the volume of such weight does not correspond to the capacity measure of which it is supposed to be an equivalent. The United States bushel is a capacity measure, but it is usually determined by weight, and the weights of the legal bushel differ in the various States. These are a few of the many instances of confusion now existing.

THERE ARE TOO MANY UNITS IN THE OLD SYSTEM.

At least 64 names are in common use, making an enormous tax on the memory to remember them, and a still greater labor to know them well enough for practical use.

Long names are necessary in order to be explicit, as a "pound" may be either an "avoirdupois pound" or a "troy pound." A "quart" may be either a "U. S. liquid quart" or a "U. S. dry quart,' or an "English liquid quart."

The "mile" may be either the "land mile," or a "nautical mile"; the latter being 1.158 land miles, and these land miles differ in various countries by sometimes as much as 100 per cent of our own mile.

THERE ARE TOO MANY RATIOS IN THE OLD SYSTEM.

More than 60 different ratios are used in the old system of weights and measures, many of which are fractional. The metric system uses simply the decimal ratio of 10.

THE UNITS OF THE OLD SYSTEM ARE AMBIGUOUS.

The pint has two values in the United States; the line has two values; the link may be the surveyor's link or the engineer's link. There is a linear foot (12 inches), a board foot (144 cubic inches), the timber foot (1,728 cubic inches), and the cord foot (16 cubic feet). The chain may be the surveyor's of 66 feet, or the engineer's of 100 feet. The perch is used as a length measure, also for stone containing 24 3-5 cubic feet. There is the avoirdupois ounce of 437.5 grains; the troy and apothecaries' ounce of 480 grains, and the silk troy ounce of 360 grains.

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