COLLEGE FRATERNITIES.

College fraternities, or secret societies, have become an essential part of the structure of college life. Although in the early years of their existence the faculties in many colleges prohibited the students joining the secret societies, nevertheless these organizations were perpetuated by the best men in college even with the utmost secrecy, often under the most trying conditions, until at length they were tolerated, then permitted, and are now approved by the wisest authorities as beneficial to the members and helpful in the administration and discipline of the college. Each fraternity has chapters in several colleges which are closely affiliated, guided by the same principles, associated by correspondence and interchange of visits, and governed by a grand chapter composed of delegates from the several chapters. Meeting in annual conventions, and interchanging visits, the members form acquaintances and acquire interests which make them broader and more cosmopolitan as college men.

There is an elective affinity by which the members are chosen. Usually they are admitted into the local chapter early in the freshman year, so that the young men have the benefit and advantage of the advice and direct oversight of the upper class men. The members of a good fraternity are jealous of the reputation of their chapter, therefore they carefully guard the character and conduct of the individuals.

The principal object of the best fraternities is to promote friendship, regulate conduct, develop manly character and supplement the college course by exerting an influence toward a broad culture and a noble life. The spirit and rules are so strong that membership in one fraternity precludes one from membership in another fraternity.

These college fraternities are peculiar to America, and exist in nearly every university and college in the United States and the two principal universities of Canada. Princeton is the only university of prominence which prohibits them.

It is a fact evident to a casual observer that the fraternity men are the most loyal and enthusiastic of the alumni of a college.

Many of the fraternities have published biographical catalogues of their members. The best catalogue is that of Zeta Psi fraternity, issued in 1900, which is a model as to details, contents, typography, paper and binding. Including the photo engravings of fraternity groups, chapter houses and college buildings, it contains 1,200 pages. The edition of 1,000 cost over $15,000.

For many years the chapters rented rooms for their meetings, but the system has so developed that now the general custom is to occupy a house for dormitory as well as for chapter purposes. Many fraternities, by the aid and under the control of alumni, have erected chapter houses adapted specially to fraternity life. These houses differ widely as to style of architecture and arrangement. Many of them are ornaments to the college community, excellent types of which are found in the Alpha Delta Phi house at Williams College, the Delta Psi house at Columbia University, and in the Zeta Psi house at Cornell University. The principal college fraternities are named below in chronological order:

Delta Upsilon was founded at Williams College in 1834 as an anti-secret society, but later it was considered as a non-secret society and is generally counted with the fraternities.

UNITED CHAPTERS OF PHI BETA KAPPA.

By Rev. OSCAR M. VOORHEES, Secretary and Treasurer.

Among all college Greek letter fraternities, that of Phi Beta Kappa stands not only as the oldest organized in the United States, but with the first in standard and desirability. With its membership limited to those who have attained the highest distinction in scholarship in their colleges, its alumni are to be found in the highest positions in public and private life and have numbered among them professors, physclans, clergymen, business men, members of the legal profession and Presidents of the United States. In number the alumni rank well toward the head of the list of college fraternity men in the country,

The Phi Beta Kappa fraternity was organized December 5, 1776, at William and Mary College, WillJamsburg, Va., by students in that institution, and is therefore the oldest Greek letter fraternity in this country, having had a continuous existence for over 125 years. The original chapter was disbanded at the end of four years on account of the progress of the Revolution, but was revived in 1849. The civil war again closed its activity, but it was revived in 1893 and again flourishes on its ancient foundation.

Charters were early granted for the establishment of chapters in connection with Yale and Harvard, and from these institutions the fraternity has spread until it now has chapters in 53 of the leading educational institutions in the country.

The first general catalogue was published in 1900 by Rev. E. B. Parsons, D. D., of Williams College, then secretary of the fraternity, and contained the names of over 10,500 living members.

The object of the fraternity is "the promotion of scholarship and friendship among students and graduates of American colleges," and only those are eligible who attain highest rank in their college classes. Charters for chapters are eagerly sought, and the tendency is to restrict them to institutions that aim to promote high attainments in scholarship.

The United Chapters of Phi Beta Kappa is the name by which the central organization of the fraternity is designated. The National Council, composed of three delegates from each chapter, meets every third year. A Senate consisting of twenty members forms an Executive Committee charged with the care of the general interests of the fraternity during the interval between the sessions of the National Council. The organization has reason to be proud of its history, and the unique position it occupies as the "conserver and rewarder of scholastic attainment." Many eminent scholars and statesmen count it an honor to have their names enrolled upon her list of members, and thus be entitled to wear the well-known golden key. Theodore Roosevelt is the fifth of her members to attain the Presidency of the United States, his predecessors being John Quincy Adams, Franklin Pierce, James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur.

The present officers of the fraternity are: President, Hon. John A. De Remer, LL. B., Schenectady, N. Y.; vice-president, vacant: secretary and treasurer, Rev. Oscar M. Voorhees, Three Rivers, N. J.

Senators, 1898 to 1904: Hon. Joseph H. Choate, LL. D., London, Eng.; Hon John A. De Remer, LL. D., Schenectady, N. Y.; Hon. Theodore E. Hancock, LL. D.. Syracuse, N. Y.; Professor Samuel Hart, D. D., Middletown, Conn.; Colonel Thomas W. Higginson, LL. D., Cambridge, Mass.; Hon. Seth Low, LL. D., New York City; Editor Hamilton W. Mable, L. H. D., New York City; Professor Francis A. March, LL. D., Easton, Pa.

Senators, 1901 to 1907: Professor Henry L. Chapman, D. D., Brunswick, Me.; Professor Edwin Grosvenor, M. A.. Amherst, Mass.; Professor Edward Everett Hale, LL. D.. Roxbury, Mass.; Colonel William Lamb, LL. D.. Norfolk, Va.; Rev. Eben B. Parsons, D. D., Williamstown, Mass.; President Ira Remsen, LL. D., Baltimore, Md.; President Charles F. Thwing. LL. D., Cleveland, Ohio; Rev. Oscar M. Voorhees, M. A., Three Rivers, N. J.; Professor Adolph Werner, Ph. D., New York City; President Benjamin Ide Wheeler, LL.D.. Berkeley, Cal.

ARTISTIC, SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL.

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF DESIGN.

The National Academy of Design was founded in 1826. Its schools will be open daily to male and female students until May 9, 1903, Sundays and holidays excepted. Admission to the schools is obtained through the examinations held the week beginning January 26, 1903. Applicants for these examinations must register at the office of the Academy during the week prior to these examinations.

The Council for 1902-1903 is composed as follows:

President, Frederich Dielman; Vice-President, J. G. Brown; Corresponding Secretary, H. W. Watrous; Recording Secretary, Will H. Low; Treasurer, Lockwood de Forest; Francis C. Jones, George H. Yewell, Irving R. Wiles, Alfred C. Hurland, Herbert Adams and R. Swain Gifford.

The list of academicians and associate academicians is as follows:

(The addresses of members given in the following list refer to the city of New York when not otherwise specified.)

Academicians-Herbert Adams, 42 West Fifteenth street; George R. Barse, Jr., 11 East Fifty-ninth street; J. Carroll Beckwith, 58 West Fifty-seventh street; Edwin H. Blashfield, 48 West Fifty-ninth street; Robert Blum, 90 Grove street; George H. Boughton, West House, Campden Hill, W., London, Eng.; Carl L. Brandt, Hastings-on-the-Hudson, N. Y.; J. R. Brevoort, 52 East Twenty-third street; Fred'k A. Bridgman, 146 Boulevard Malesherbes, Paris; John B. Bristol, 52 East 23d street; J. G. Brown, 51 West Tenth street; George B. Butler, 116 West Eighty-eighth street; Howard Russell Butler, Carnegie Hall; Charles Calverley, 107 East Twenty-seventh street; William M. Chase, 303 Fifth avenue; F. S. Church, Carnegie Hall; B. West Clinedinst, 1000 Madison avenue; Samuel Colman, 97 Central Park West; Bruce Crane, 154 West Fifty-fifth street; W. P. W. Dana, 7 Rue Scribe, Paris, France; Lockwood De Forest, 7 East Tenth street; Thomas W. Dewing, 51 West Tenth street; Frederick Dielman, 51 West Tenth street; J. H. Dolph, 58 West Fifty-seventh street; Frank Fowler, 106 West Fifty-fifth street; Daniel Chester French, 125 West Eleventh street; Gilbert Gaul, 51 West Tenth street: R. Swain Gifford, 152 West Fifty-seventh street; C. C. Griswold, 262 West Twelfth street; Seymour Joseph Guy, 51 West Tenth street; George Henry Hall, abroad; Hamilton Hamilton, 138 Freemont street, Peekskill, N. Y.; Alexander Harrison, 118 East Fortieth street; J. S. Hartley, 145 West Fifty-fifth street; W. J. Hennessey. Saville Club, London, Eng.; E. L. Henry, 7 West Forty-third street; Winslow Homer, Scarboro, Me.; William H. Howe, Bronxville, N. Y.: Alfred C. Howland, 318 West Fifty-seventh street; Daniel Huntington, 49 East Twentieth street; George Inness, Jr., Carnegie Hall Studios; David Johnson, 69 West One Hundred and Thirty-first street: Eastman Johnson, 65 West Fifty-fifth street; Francis C. Jones, 253 West Forty-second street; Bolton H. Jones, 253 West Fortysecond street; John Lafarge, 51 West Tenth street: William H. Lippincott, 37 West Twenty-second street; Will H. Low, Bronxville, N. Y.; William Magrath, 11 East Fourteenth street; George W. Maynard, 156 East Thirty-sixth street: Charles H. Miller, 10 East Twenty-third street; F. D. Millet, Broadway, England; Robert C. Minor, 58 West Fifty-seventh street; Louis Moeller, Edenwald, Wakefield, N. Y.; Thomas Moran, 24 West Twenty-second street; H. Siddons Mowbray, 66 West Eleventh street; J. Francis Murphy, 222 West Twenty-third street; Victor Nehlig, abroad; J. C. Nicoll, 51 West Tenth street: Walter L. Palmer. 5 Lafayette street, Albany, N. Y.; Arthur Parton, 52 East Twenty-third street; E. Wood Perry, 18 East Twelfth street; Benjamin C. Porter, 3 North Washington square; Horace Walcott Robbins. 56 East Fifty-seventh street: John Rogers, New Canaan, Coun.; John S. Sargent, 33 Tite street, Chelsea. S. W., London, Eng.; L. G. Sellstedt, 78 West Mohawk street, Buffalo, N. Y.; Aaron D. Shattuck, Granby, Conn.; Walter Shirlaw, abroad; R. M. Shurtleff, 44 West Twenty-second street: George H. Smillie, 650 Madison avenue; James D. Smillie, 156 East Thirty-sixth street; Augustus St. Gaudens, Windsor, Vt.; Arthur F. Tait, Ludlow Park, Yonkers, N. Y.; Abbott H. (Elect) Thayer, Monadnock, N. H.; Louis C. Tiffany, 335 Fourth avenue; D. W. Tryon, 226 West Fifty-ninth street; C. Y. Turner, 35 West Fourteenth street; Kruseman Van Elten, 9 Rue Campagne premiere, Paris, France; Elihu Vedder, 7 West Forty-third street; Frederic P. Vinton, 247 Newbury street, Boston; Douglas Volk, Center Lovell, Maine; Horatio Walker, Beaulieu, Isle d'Orleans, Can.; Edgar M. Ward, 51 West Tenth street; J. Q. A. Ward, 119 West Fifty-second street; Harry W. Watrous, 58 West Fifty-seventh street; John F. Weir, Yale School of Art, New Haven, Conn.; J. Alden Weir, 146 West Fifty-fifth street; C. D. Weldon, 51 West Tenth street; Worthington Whittredge, Summit, N. J.; Irving R. Wiles, 106 West Fifty-fifth street; Lemuel E. Wilmarth, 352 Adelphi street, Brooklyn; Thomas Waterman Wood, 51 West Teath street; George H. Yewell, 51 West Tenth street.

Associates-Edwin A. Abbey, Morgan Hall, Fairford, Gloucestershire, Eng.; J. W. Alexander, 123 East Sixty-third street; Thomas Allen, 12 Commonwealth avenue, Boston; Paul W. (Elect) Bartlett. 229 East Twentieth street; Miss Cecilia Beaux, 1710 Chestnut street, Philadelphia; E. A. (Elect) Bell, 226 Central Park, South; Frank W. Benson, Salem, Mass.; William Verplanck Birney, 58 West Fifty-seventh street; Karl (Elect) Bitter, Weehawken, N. J.; George H. Bogert, 204 West Fifty-fifth street: Joseph H. (Elect) Boston, 203 Montague street, Brooklyn; A. T. Bricher, 2 West Fourteenth street; Miss Fidelia Bridges, Canaan, Conn.; George De Forest Brush, Dublin, N. H.; J. Wells Champney, 96 Fifth avenue; Carlton T. Chapman, 58 West Fifty-seventh street; Walter Clark, 939 Eighth avenue; William A. Coffin, 58 West Fifty-seventh street; C. C. Coleman, "The Players," 16 Gramercy Park; E. Irving Couse, 939 Eighth avenue: Kenyon Cox, 145 West Fifty-fifth street: Thomas A. Craig, Rutherford, N. J.: Charles C. Curran, 16 West Sixty-first street; C. H. Dani, Mystic, Conn.; F. De Haven 23 West Twenty-fourth street; H. C. Dearth, Carnegie Studios; Percival De Luce, 52 East Twenty-third street: Louis Paul Dessar, 204 West Fifty-fifth street; Frank Du Mond, 58 West Fifty-seventh street; Thomas Eakins, 1729 Mount Vernon avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.; L. C. Earle, Montclair, N. J.; C. Warren Eaton, 318 West Fifty-seventh street: Henry A. Ferguson, 215 West Fifty-fourth street; Ben Foster, 253 West Forty-second street: Frederich W. Freer, State and Ohio streets, Chicago, Ill.; Edward Gay, Mount Vernon, N. Y.; Frank Russell Green, 211 West 85th street: William St. John Harper, 215 West Fifty-seventh street: Childe Hassam, 139 West Fifty-fifth street: Albert Herter, 841 Madison avenue: William H. Hyde, 105 East Sixty-first street: Samuel Isham, 80 West Fortieth street; William Sergeant Kendall, 26 West Eighth street; William Fair Kline, 152 West Fifty-fifth street: F. W. Kast, 146 West Fifty-fifth street; W. L. Lathrop, New Hope, Pa.; Louis Loeb, 58 West Fifty-seventh street: Mrs. Henry A. Loop. Clifton Springs, N. Y.; Joseph Lyman, Century Club; George H. McCord, 399 Classon avenue, Brooklyn; C. Morgan McIlhenney, Shrub Oak. N. Y.; Frederich McMannus, "The Players;' Constant Mayer, abroad: Henry Mosler, Margaretville, N. Y.; Leonard Ochtman,. Cos Cob, Conn.; W. R. O'Donovan, 31 St. Nicholas place: Charles Parsons, Boonton, N. J.; Charles A. Platt, "The Players;" H. R. Poore, Orange, N. J.; Edward Polthast, 52 East Twenty-third street: A. Phimester Proctor, 13 East Thirtieth street: Henry W. Ranger, 228 West Forty-fourth street; F. K. M. Rehn, 222 West Twenty-third street; Frederic Remington. New Rochelle, N. Y.; W. M. J. Rice, 55 West Thirty-third street; Will S. Robinson, 202 West Seventy-fourth street: William Sartain, 152 West Fifty-seventh street; Walter Satterlee, 52 East Twenty-third street: Charles Schrey vogel, 1220 Park avenue, Hoboken, N. J.; R. V. V. Sewell, 139 West Fifty-fifth street; William T. Smedley, 222 West Twenty-third street; George H. Story, 230 West Fifty-ninth street: Charles F. Ulich, abroad: Robert W. Van Boskerch, 58 West Fifty-seventh street; A. T. Van Laer, 30 East Fifty-seventh street; Robert Vonnoh, Rockland Lake, N. Y.; Henry O. Walker, 152 West Fiftyfifth street; W. J. Whittemore, 318 West Fifty-seventh street; Carleton Wiggins, 1079 Dean street, Brooklyn.

SOCIETY OF AMERICAN ARTISTS.

Many of the most prominent artists and sculptors in the United States are members of the Society of American Artists and its annual exhibitions at No. 215 West Fifty-seventh street, New York, have often attracted international attention. The society awards three prizes each year: "The Shaw Prize," "The Webb Prize" and "The Carnegie Prize.” Its officers are: President, John La Farge; vice-president, Kenyon Cox; secretary, Bruce Crane; treasurer, Samuel Isham.

NATIONAL ARTS CLUB.

The National Arts Club was organized in the city of New York, April 24, 1899, its object being to promote the artistic side of American manufacturing by the encouragement of hand made articles, lest machine-made goods should suffocate all art in modern manufacture, as well as to stimulate interest in the embellishment of cities and public buildings, and the immediate success of the club was greatly due to the interest it aroused among public-spirited citizens interested in municipal development.

The Arts Club has never intended to compete with other art societies but rather to co-operate with them. From the start the intention was announced to strive to build up other organizations of artists.and art-loving laymen throughout the United States and the purpose has been fulfilled. To this end it allows a rebate of dues paid to local art societies, as set forth in the constitution. In short the club acts as a clearing house for art societies and clubs that promote the fine and industrial arts. In its committee rooms the officers of different art organizations gather; at its dinners the policy of different art societies is discussed. Under its roof the directors of the National Sculpture Society, the Mural Painters, the New York Municipal Art Commission and those of the Municipal Art Societies of New York and other cities meet to confer in a congenial atmosphere, finding a hearty welcome and an interchange of ideas.

The officers of the club are: President, George B. Post, New York; Vice-Presidents, James W. Alexander, New York; Samuel P. Avery, New York; Bernard N. Baker, Baltimore, Md.; George K. Birge, Buffalo, N. Y.; George G. Briggs, Grand Rapids, Mich.; Charles E. Dana, Philadelphia, Pa.; Henry C. Frick, Pittsburg, Pa.; Harry E. Hayes, Cleveland, Ohio; A. Augustus Healy, Brooklyn Borough; William M. Ladd, Portland, Ore.; F. A. Richardson, Burlington, Vt.; E. Francis Riggs, Washington, D. C.; Irving M. Scott, San Francisco, Cal.; Mrs. J. Montgomery Sears, Boston, Mass.; William Watts Taylor, Cincinnati, Ohio; Brooks Adams, Quincy, Mass.; Sir William C. Van Horne, Montreal, Canada; Thomas B. Walker, Minneapolis, Minn.; Treasurer, Spencer Trask, 27 Pine street, New York; Managing Director, Charles De Kay, 413 West Twenty-third street, New York; Secretary, Henry M. Stegman, 37 West Thirty-fourth street, New York.

METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Central Park, at Eighty-second street and Fifth avenue, was organized in 1870, and has a membership of 3,500. Henry G. Marquand is president; L. P. Di Cesnola, 109 East Thirtyseventh street, secretary. The directors are Henry G. Marquand, Daniel Huntington, Louis P. Di Cesnola, William L. Andrews, John L. Cadwalader, John Bigelow, Elihu Root, Harris C. Fahnestock, Frederic W. Rhinelander, Salem H. Wales, Robert W. De Forest. J. Pierpont Morgan, Darius O. Mills, Samuel P. Avery. Heber R. Bishop, Rutherford Stuyvesant, William E. Dodge, Joseph H. Choate, Charles S. Smith, John S. Kennedy, Whitelaw Reid, Edward D. Adams, J. Crosby Brown, and William R. Ware.

The Museum is open daily from 10 a. m. until half an hour before sunset; on Sundays after 1 p. m., and on Monday and Friday evenings from 8 to 10. On Monday and Friday, 10 a. m. to 5 p. m., the public is admitted only by payment of a fee of 25 cents. At other times admission is free. Membership in the Museum may be obtained by payment of the annual fee of $10.

NATIONAL EDUCATIONAL ASSOCIATION.

The National Educational Association of the United States was organized at Philadelphia, in 1857, under the name of the National Teachers' Association, and reorganized in 1870 as the National Educational Association, including as departments the former independent organizations, the American Normal School Association and the National Association of School Superintendents.

The departments of the Association now number eighteen, covering every important phase of educational work, as follows: The National Council of Education, Kindergarten, Elementary. Secondary. Higher, Normal, Superintendence, Manual, Art, Music, Business, Child Study, Physical Training, Science Instruction, School Administration, Library, Deaf, Blind, and Feeble-Minded, Indian Education.

The Association held its fortieth annual convention at Detroit, Michigan, in 1901. No meetings were held in 1861, 1862, 1867, 1878, and 1893. In 1893 the International Congresses of Education were held in Chicago, Ill., under the auspices of the Association in connection with the World's Columbian Exposition. The proceedings of these congresses were published by the Association in a volume which constitutes one of the most valuable of the series.

The annual meetings previous to 1884 were small in numbers, averaging about 200 members; since 1884 the annual conventions have averaged more than 6,000 members; since 1895 the average annual membership has been nearly 10,000. These forty conventions within forty-five years have been a most important agency in shaping national educational aims and progress.

The establishment by Congress of the Bureau of Education of the United States and of the office of United States Commissioner of Education was secured through the early efforts of the Association. The recent special committee reports indicate the lines of investigation which, in addition to the work of its annual conventions, have made the Association the largest and most important educational organization in the world.

There are three classes of members: Active members are those who are teachers or who are actively associated with educational work or in the management of educational institutions, including libraries and periodicals. Only active members are privileged to vote at conventions. Any person, on paying a small fee, may become an associate member, entitling him to a volume of the proceedings of the Association each year. Eminent educators not residing in America may become corresponding members when elected by the Directory of the Association, but the number of corresponding members may not exceed fifty. Under special provisions, educational institutions and libraries are enrolled as members, securing thereby the publications of the Association and delegate representation in annual conventions.

The total number of members at the close of 1901 was 10,182, and the total number of members registered at the convention held in Minneapolis, July 7-11, 1902, was 8,191. The executive officers of the Association, elected at the convention in 1902 are: Charles W. Eliot, Cambridge, Mass., President; Irwin Shepard, Winona, Minn., Secretary: W. N. Davidson, Topeka, Kan., Treasurer; Vice-Presidents, William M. Beardshear, Ames, Iowa; O. T. Bright, Chicago, Ill.; Charles F. Reeves, Latona, Wash.; Joseph Kennedy, Grand Forks, N. D.; Charles F. Thwing, Cleveland, Ohio; W. N. Sheats, Tallahassee, Fla.; Miss Marion Brown, New Orleans, La. James B. Pearcy, Anderson, Ind.; Mrs. Helen L. Grenfell, Denver, Col.; Henry R. Sanford. Penn Yan, N. Y.; J. H. Francis, Los Angeles, Cal.; Wallace G. Nye, Minneapolis, Minn.

UNITED STATES BOARD OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.

The

The United States Board of Geographic Names was organized in accordance with an executive order issued by President Harrison, in 1890, and which required that uniformity in regard to geographic nomenclature and orthography should in the future prevail throughout all departments of the Government. present position of this Board, therefore, is that of a standard authority, to whom all unsettled questions regarding geographic names are referred, and it is due to its decisions that there is now so much more similarity between the various maps and charts issued by the different bureaus and departments.

The Board is composed of the following members: Chairman, Henry Gannett, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C.; Secretary, Marcus Baker, Carnegie Institution, Washington, D. C.; members, H. G. Ogden, Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington, D. C.; A. B. Johnson, Lighthouse Board, Treasury Department, Washington, D. C.; Harry King, General Land Office, Washington, D. C.; Andrew H. Allen, State Department, Washington, D. C.; W. H. H. Southerland, Hydrographic Office, Washington, D. C.; James L. Lusk, War Department. Washington, D. C. Otis T. Mason, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.: A. Von Haake, Post Office Department, Washington, D. C.; H. T. Brian, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.; John Hyde, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. During the past fifty years the names of practically all the leaders of American Science have been on the register of the Association, and the fifty-one volumes of its proceedings contain many of the most important contributions to scientific literature published in this country. At the present time the Association numbers about 4,000 members, and includes in its list of active fellows, such well-known scientific men as Newcomb, Barker, Brush, Young, Lesley, Morse, Langley, Remsen, Mendenhall, Goodale. Prescott, A. Hall, Harkness, Morley, Gibbs, Gill, Putnam, Gilbert, Woodward and Minot. Among the prominent educators who are members and have taken an active interest in its work are ex-President Gilman, of Johns Hopkins; exPresident Low, of Columbia; President Schurman, of Cornell; President Jordan, of Stanford; President Brown, of Lehigh; President Pritchett, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; ex-President Mendenhall, of Worcester Polytechnic Institute, and President Dabney, of the University of Tennessee. The Association also admits to membership those who are in sympathy with its aims and who wish to assist in promoting them, even though they are not actually engaged in scientific work.

Meetings of the Association are held annually, each time in a different city, the last seven meetings having been held at Detroit, Boston, Columbus, New York, Denver and Pittsburg. The last meeting will be held December 29, 1902, to January 3, 1903, during "Convocation Week," at Washington, D. C., under the presidency of Dr. Ira Remsen. The Association publishes an annual volume of proceedings which for the past fifty years has, in large measure, reflected the scientific activity of the country.

The officers of the next meeting are: President, Dr. Ira Remsen, Johns Hopkins University; Vice-Prestdents. Section A, George B. Halsted, Austin, Tex.; B, E. F. Nichols. Dartmouth College, N. H.; C, Charles Baskerville, Chapel Hill, N. C.; D, C. A. Waldo, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind.; E, W. M. Davis, Harvard: F, C. W. Hargitt, Syracuse, N. Y.; G. F. V. Coville, Washington; H, G. M. Dorsey, Chicago; I, H. T. Newcomb, Philadelphia; Permanent Secretary, L. O. Howard, Cosmos Club, Washington, D. C.; General Secretary, H. B. Ward, University of Nebraska; Secretary of Council, Charles Wardell Stiles, of Washington. NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The National Academy of Sciences has for its object to investigate, examine, experiment and report upon any subject of science or art, when called upon by the Government of the United States, and the actual expense of such investigation, experiments and reports is paid from appropriations which may be made for the purpose. Under no circumstances does the academy receive any compensation whatever for services to the Government. Annual meetings are held at such places in the United States as may be designated, when reports of the work of the year are made. During 1901 the academy held three sessions, one in Washington in April and two in Philadelphia in November, the latter two being special sessions.

The academy consists of members, honorary members and foreign associates. Members must be citizens of the United States, and the foreign associates are limited in number to 50. The present membership is 90. Officers are elected for a term of six years.

The officers and the dates their terms expire are: President, Alexander Aggassiz, Cambridge, Mass. (1907); vice-president, Aspah Hall, Norfolk, Conn. (1903); foreign secretary, Ira Remsen, Baltimore, Md. (1907); home secretary, Arnold Hague, Washington, D. C. (1907); treasurer, Charles D. Walcott, Washington, D. C. (1904). CHAUTAUQUA,

In 1874 a camp meeting on the shore of Lake Chautauqua, N. Y., became educational without ceasing to be religious. That was the beginning of the system which has grown into tremendous proportions in the twenty-eight years of its life, and which is known everywhere that books and papers reach. Originally, Chautauqua nicant the name of a lake, then it grew to mean the name of a meeting place on the shores of that lake, and then it became the name of an idea. The idea, as formulated by Professor Albert S. Cook, of Yale University, is a "fraternal, enthusiastic, methodical and sustained attempt to elevate, enrich and inspire the individual life in its entirety, by an appeal to the curiosity, hopefulness and ambition of those who would otherwise be debarred from the greatest opportunities of culture and spiritual advancement. The individual is exhorted to meet in circles for his general improvement, and his social instincts are appealed to and cultivated and neighborhood life is made full of a greater charm.

The direct purpose of the Chautauqua is to provide a systematic course of reading in history, literature, science and art. It is in no sense a college either in its course of study or its methods of work. Since its organization 250,000 members have been enrolled, of whom nearly 50,000 have been graduated from the four years' course. Out-of-school people everywhere are welcomed to its fellowship, without any entrance examination or other requirement. The student's statement at the end of four years that he has read the prescribed books is sufficient to entitle him to a diploma.

The Chautauqua Assembly meets yearly, during the Summer months, at Chautauqua, N. Y., and there a course of instruction by reading and lectures is carried on. This village of Chautauqua consists of a Summer colony devoted entirely to the carrying out of the idea of the Assembly. It is of the nature of an educational camp meeting place, fully equipped with the conveniences of town life, and possessing the charm of out of doors living. There is published in connection with the work The Chautauqua Magazine, a monthly periodical, belonging to the Department of Instruction, and during the Summer The Chautauqua Assembly Herald is issued weekly.

The officers are: John H. Vincent, Chancellor: George E. Vincent, Principal; Kate F. Kimball, Executive Secretary; A. M. Martin, Honorary Secretary; W. L. Davidson and George M. Brown, Field Secretaries. Besides these there are secretaries for the various sections of the United States and a Board of Counsellors made up of eight well-known educators.

JEWISH CHAUTAUQUA SOCIETY.

The Jewish Chautauqua is a system of popular Jewish education, based upon exactly the same lines as the Chautauqua Society which had its birth at Lake Chautauqua, New York, some twenty years ago. About ten years ago Rev. Dr. Henry Berkowitz, of Chicago, suggested the adoption by Jews of of the Chautauqua method of study in order to stimulate the interest of the coming generation in Jewish history and achievements. The idea was taken up by influential Jews all over the country, and the society was organized in 1893, with headquarters in Philadelphia. A course book of study was prepared and issued by the Jewish Publication Society and Mrs. Minnie D. Lewis was sent out as an organizer. Within the first two years several thousand pupils were enrolled in the work and the number has steadily grown ever since. At first all the work was done by the correspondence system and by reading circles, but in 1897, as an experiment, a Summer school was held at Atlantic City, and this was successful far beyond expectations. Each year this Summer assembly is held the number of attendants increases, and last Summer several thousand were in the colony, made up of teachers, rabbis, business men, students, philanthropists and literary men. Courses of lectures are given on biblical and Jewish history and literature, and addresses upon topies of peculiar interest to Jews are made an important feature. All reference to financial and commercial matters is carefully avoided.

The officers of the society for 1902-1903 are Henry Berkowitz, chancellor; Jacob Gimbel, president; Isaac Hassler, secretary and director; Louis Wolf, treasurer; Mrs. Minnie D. Louis, field secretary.

CATHOLIC SUMMER SCHOOL.

The Catholic Summer School, incorporated by the Board of Regents of the State of New York, is instituted for the purpose of providing the Catholics of the United States with the means of meeting during the Summer months, in order to know one another better, understand their strength, enlarge the scope of their education and to get correct views upon the important questions incident to Catholic life in the United States. It is situated on the shore of Lake Champlain, with grounds of about 500 acres in extent. Special courses of study in history, literature and philosophy are provided, and numerous lectures on educational topies are held throughout the sessions. Attention is paid to the social side of the school, and each year camping parties, athletic tournaments and sports of various sorts are organized. The officers elected in 1902 are: Rev. M. J. Lavelle, New York, President; Rev. F. P. Siegfried, Överbrook, Pa., First Vice-President; Warren E. Mosher, New York, Secretary; Rev. John F. Mullany, Syracuse, N. Y., Treasurer.

UNIVERSITY EXTENSION.

The American Society for the Extension of University Teaching was founded at Philadelphia in June, 1890, and incorporated in March, 1892. The present officers are: President, Charles A. Brinley; Treasurer, Frederick B. Miles; Secretary, John Nolen. The office is in Philadelphia. The aim of University Extension is, first, to extend higher education to all classes of people; second, to extend education through the whole of adult life; third, to extend thorough methods of study to subjects of everyday interest. During the academic year 1901-02 the society arranged for the delivery of eighty-four courses of lectures at sixty-four centres. The course attendance at lectures was 22,115. The attendance at classes, held in connection with lectures, was 8,374. The number of courses for 1902-3, arranged by States, is as follows: Pennsylvania, 35; New York, 22; New Jersey, 18; Maryland, 8; Connecticut, 1. The division by subjects is as follows: History, 28; literature, 33; music and art, 17; ethics and philosophy, 5; political economy, 1. The constantly widening use that is being made of the society's lectures and of the University Extension system is shown by the following list and the various auspices under which the courses of last year were delivered: Centres primarily or mainly for teachers, 3; centres under control of women's clubs, 3; People's Institute, New York City (for workingmen), 5 courses; educational institutions (schools, Brooklyn Institute, etc.). 18 courses; New York City Board of Education ("Free Lectures to the People"), 12 courses; free libraries. 3 courses; regular University Extension centres, 40. The society has just completed its twelfth year of work. Since its organization there have been delivered under its auspices 1,133 courses, comprising 6,660 lectures. The average attendance at each lecture has been 205, and the aggregate attendance, 1,365,552. The most important work, outside of that of the general society in Philadelphia, is carried on under the auspices of the University of Chicago, the Regents of the University of New York, Rutgers College, New Brunswick, and in California. Sample syllabi and circulars descriptive of University Extension can be obtained free of charge by addressing John Nolen, Secretary, 111 South Fifteenth street, Philadelphia, Pa.

SOUTHERN EDUCATION BOARD.

The Southern Education Board consists of twelve members. They are Robert C. Ogden, President; George Foster Peabody, Treasurer; Charles D. McIver, Secretary; E. A. Alderman, W. H. Baldwin, Jr., Wallace Buttrick, J. L. M. Curry, Charles W. Dabney, H. B. Frissell, H. H. Hanna, W. H. Page, Albert Shaw and Rev. Edgar G. Murphy. The Board was created and organized November, 1901, in accordance with the platform and resolutions adopted at the fourth annual meeting of the Southern Educational Conference at Winston-Salem, N. C., in April, 1901. The work undertaken by this board is that of agitation and stimulation of all efforts toward universal education in the Southern States. It does not make any gifts to any educational institutions whatever. It has sufficient funds to aid in a campaign for local taxation and for the betterment of public school facilities in several of the Southern States.

So far its chief work has been done in Virginia, North Carolina and Louisiana. It began to arrange for continuous campaigns in these States in January, 1902. It has also done some work in the State of Georgia, and is planning to aid in public educational campaigns in South Carolina, Alabama and Mississippi.

The Southern Education Board is engaged in aiding the friends of education in the Southern States to create a public sentiment in favor of improvement of public school facilities for all the people. The consolidation of school districts, the improvement of public school houses, and the voting of special local taxes for these improvements and for the lengthening of school terms are the definite objects aimed at.

AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION.

The American Library Association was organized in Philadelphia, October 6, 1876, as the result of a three days' library conference held in connection with the Centennial Exhibition. Its purposes are the promotion of library interests, the interchange of experience and opinions, the obtaining of larger results from library labor and expenditure, and the advancement of the profession of librarianship. Meetings of the association are held annually in different parts of the country in order that all members may have an equal chance to obtain the great benefits to be derived from such conferences, and the meeting of 1902, which was held in Boston, was the largest in the history of the organization, 1,019 of the 1,100, members being present. The twenty-fifth annual meeting will be held at Niagara Falls, in June next.

The present officers of the association are: President, James K. Hosmer, Minneapolis, Minn.; First VicePresident, James H. Canfield, New York City; Second Vice-President; Anne Wallace, Atlanta, Ga.; Secretary, 'Frederick W. Faxon, Dorchester, Mass.: Treasurer, Gardner M. Jones, Salem, Mass.; Recorder, Helen E. Haines, New York City; ex-President, John S. Billings, New York City.

NATIONAL MUNICIPAL LEAGUE.

The National Municipal League is composed of associations formed in the various cities of the United States having as their object the improvement of municipal government. It has no connection with Nationai or State issues, but confines its efforts strictly to municipal affairs. Its objects, as stated, are:

1. To multiply the numbers, harmonize the methods and combine the forces of all who realize that it is only by united action and organization that good citizens can secure the adoption of good laws and the selection of men of trained ability and proved integrity for all municipal positions, or prevent the success of incompetent or corrupt candidates for public office. 2. To promote the thorough investigation and discussion of the conditions and details of civic administration, and of the methods for selecting and appointing officials in American cities, and of laws and ordinances relating to such subjects. 3. To provide for such meetings and conferences and for the preparation and circulation of such addresses and other literature as may seem likely to advance the cause of good city government.

The present officers of the League are:

President, James C. Carter, New York; First Vice-President, Charles Richardson, Philadelphia: Second Vice-President, Samuel B. Capen, Boston; Third Vice-President. Thomas N. Strong, Portland, Oregon; Fourth Vice-President, H. Dickson Bruns, New Orleans; Fifth Vice-President, Edmund J. James, Chicago; Secretary, Clinton Rogers Woodruff, Philadelphia; Treasurer, George Burnham, Jr., Philadelphia.

Executive Committee, Charles J. Bonaparte, Chairman, 216 St. Paul street. Baltimore; George W. Guthrie, Pittsburg; Frank N. Hartwell, Louisville; George W. Ochs, Philadelphia: Harry A. Garfield, Cleveland; Hector McIntosh, Philadelphia: William P. Bancroft, Wilmington; William G. Low, Brooklyn; Dudley Tibbits, Troy; Joseph A. Miller, Providence; John A. Butler, Milwaukee; Oliver McClintock, Pittsburg; E. M. Thresher, Dayton, Ohio; Joseph T. Alling, Rochester.

LEAGUE OF AMERICAN MUNICIPALITIES.

The League of American Municipalities may be said to be the result of a united effort on the part of American city officials in all departments to study the various and complex questions involved in municipal administration. In this connection the league furnishes the organization necessary for the proper protection of municipalities against the encroachments of private contractors and corporations; it provides for mayors and council members a ready and convenient means for securing reliable information relating to questions upon which they must act for their municipal cities, and gives to the heads of all municipal departments an economical and prompt method for the interchange of experience and ideas. At present 125 of the most important cities in the United States and Canada hold membership in the league, and their municipal officials are recognized as delegates to its annual conventions.

The officers of the League are: President, J. Adgar Smith, Mayor of Charleston. S. C.: First Vice-President. M. M. Stephens, Mayor of East St. Louis. Ill.; Second Vice-President, Richard J. Barr, Mayor of Joliet, Ill.; Third Vice-President. James M. Head, Mayor of Nashville, Tenn.: Secretary, John MacVicar, Des Moines, Iowa: Treasurer, Thomas P. Taylor, Bridgeport, Conn.; Trustees, Thomas G. Hayes, Mayor of Baltimore, Md.; Jacob Cantor, Iresident of the Borough of Manhattan, N. Y.; John Arbuthnot, Mayor of Winnipeg, Canada; Ignatius A. Sullivan, Mayor of Hartford, Conn.; Isaac S. Hascall, Member of Council, Omaha, Neb., and A. E. Griffin, Member of Council, Columbus, Ohio.