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Arkansas.

Capital:

LITTLE ROCK.

past two years.
The chief
In 1900 being $23,959,983.
section there are extensive
in the north.

Arkansas was colonized by the French in the seventeenth century, but without success, and in 1720 Louis XV. made a grant of land on the Arkansas River to John Law. No results followed from this, and in 1763 the territory was given over to Spain. In 1800 it was returned to France, and in 1803 was purchased by the United States as part of the territory of Louisiana. The territory of Alabama, containing 35,042 square miles, was organized March 2, 1819, and admitted as a State June 15, 1836. In 1901 its estimated population was 1,331,000.

Though predominantly an agricultural State, Arkansas has shown a steady growth in manufacturing and mechanical industries during the past decade, and especially during the

SEAL OF THE S

industry is the manufacture of lumber and timber, the value of these products In the southern portion of the State the wood is largely pine, in the eastern cypress swamps, and oak, walnut, hickory and ash are found in large quantities Flour and grist milling ranks second in importance among the industries of the State, the value of the products of these amounting, in 1900, to $3,708,709. The cotton production of the State is 7.5 per cent of the whole production of the country, and dependent upon this are the ginning and cottonseed oil and cake industries, the latter having grown with tremendous strides in the last few years. Important railroad construction and repair shops are established in some of the larger towns. In the cotton mill industry Arkansas has not kept up with most of the other Southern States, the census of 1900 giving the capital invested in textile industries in the State as less than $10 to the square mile.

Among the acts passed by the Arkansas Legislature of 1901 were a number worthy of note. Congress was applied to under article V of the Constitution to propose an amendment authorizing the election of United States Senators by direct vote of the people. Banks were prohibited from receiving deposits when insolvent, and the violation of this act was made a felony, punishable by from three to five years imprisonment. Cities of over 2,500 inhabitants were authorized to establish and maintain public libraries. The Pension law for Confederate soldiers was made more liberal, and for this purpose the pension tax was raised from 1-4 to 3-4 a mill on all taxable property. The pension of widows of Confederate soldiers was raised from $25 to $100 a year, provided they did not own more than $400 worth of property. A Collateral Inheritance Tax of 3 erty, real and personal, bequeathed husband, wife, lineal descendant, an adopted child. A law regarding ture any one desiring to practise of graduation from an authorized amination showing he was reason sion. The law was rather curious in fications of what were reasonable

The law making executions for executions for criminal assault that this would act as a deterrent

An act was passed prohibiting of Arkansas, which caused a great men all over the country. After the university who was a member ceive any class honors or compete the university, unless he filed with renunciation of his society and an to do with it during his attendance to be employed by the university of the secret college fraternity to what similar to this was passed by 1897, abolishing fraternities in all

Gov. Jeff Davis.

per cent was imposed upon all propto any one except a mother, father, adopted child or descendant of dentistry provided that in the fudentistry must present a certificate dental school or must pass an exably well qualified for his profesthat no time limit of study or speciqualifications were incorporated in it. crime private was modified so that should be public, it being believed to "negro crime.'

secret fraternities in the University deal of comment among fraternity September 1, 1901, no student of of a secret fraternity should refor any prizes or honors offered by the president of the university a agreement to have nothing further at the university. No teacher was unless he also filed a renunciation which he belonged. An act somethe South Carolina Legislature in State colleges.

person selling liquors where the places where the sale was unlawful. such legislation as would prevent revenue license for the manufacture hibited districts. It was felt that breaking the State laws would

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It was made unlawful for any sale was legal to solicit orders in Congress was petitioned to pass the issuance of a United States or sale of alcoholic liquors in pro people who had but little fear of think twice before infringing on a Federal statute. A bill designating the place where liquor is delivered as the place of the sale of liquor, and making carriers legal agents of liquor dealers, was passed, but vetoed by the Covernor on the grounds that the measure violated the Interstate Commerce law.

An act made it unlawful for a corporation to pay its laborers in any form of script or token of indebtedness that was not redeemable in lawful money on pay day, or for any company to coerce its employes to trade at a "company store." If a company charged for merchandise at its store more than a reasonable rate or the current market rate, the employe might recover damages to twice the amount of his injury. Bills introduced into the Legislature upon the Governor's recommendation, looking to the taxing of insurance policies and franchises and making more stringent regulations concerning trusts failed of passage. The powers of municipalities were enlarged so that they might construct, acquire and operate municipal lighting plants.

At the Democratic State Convention, held June 10, 1902, the Kansas City platform was indorsed as the declaration of the National Democracy. On the question of trusts the State platform declares: "We denounce the trusts and all illegal combinations in restraint of trade. We pledge the Democratic party to the passage of such laws as will effectually prohibit the operation of all such combinations in the State of Arkansas.'

After nearly 100 years of undisputed possession of the Government reservation at Hot Springs, the United States has now been called upon to defend its title against more than a score of heirs of a French soldier named Villiot, who, it is alleged, received from Louis XVI. a grant of one square league of territory, which was afterward transferred to the United States in the Louisiana purchase of 1803. A suit was filed in the Federal Court at Little Rock in September, 1902, by a large number of alleged heirs, many of them citizens of the United States and not bearing French names, who declare that by virtue of the grant to their ancestor they are entitled to the Hot Springs property.

In a recent report on the Hot Springs, issued in 1902 by the Government, the question as to the life of these springs was discussed. It has been found that since 1804 there has been a decrease in the temperature of the water, as much as 17 degrees in the case of one spring, and this fact has led to the sup position that the source of the heat is becoming gradually extinct, and that the life of the springs is but a question of time. By the same report the only tenable hypothesis as to the cause of the heat is shown to be that of still hot igneous rocks which were intruded in the earth's crust by volcanic agency.

The mineral wealth of Arkansas is as yet practically undeveloped. The State abounds in cannel, anthracite and bituminous coal, while iron ore of good quality has been found in the Ozark Mountains. Zinc is found extensively, and there is also galena, manganese and gypsum, with small quantities of gold.

Art

in

1902.

Art in the United States was admirably shown at the Pan-American Fair. It was gathered there by an artist. One who studied it there learned it well. There were works of Reid, Ward, Lucas, Davis, Barnard, Blashfield, Sewell, MacMonnies, Fuller, Coffin, Bartlett, Isham, Saint Gaudens, Millet, Shrady, Vedder, Whistler, Cassatt, Burroughs, Alexander, McEwen, Vail, Weeks, Melchers, Pearce, Stewart, La Farge, Sargent, Homer, Abbey, Brush, Tryon, Walker.

There were works of others. In all the artistic quality was insistent and precise. They were not pictures and statues made to tell tales, facts of history, maxims of morality, but to express the beauty of lines and colors in subtle harmonies. In other countries than the

HENRI PENE

DU BOIS.

United States it might have been impossible to form a collection of works of so many artists animated by a devotion so exclusive to the ideal of art that modern criticism exacts. The American national trait was expressed there as it is in the industries. It was an essentially modern expression.

But

The American love of nature that is racial had its reflection at the Fair in admirable landscapes. if one commented on this, one had an air of accenting the work in landscapes as if the work in portraits

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In all the

and in marine views had not excellence also, with Homer, Whistler and Sargent as its leaders. capitals of Europe the American artists had in the Winter the triumphs that have come to them annually for a decade. Munich's Academy of Fine Arts added to the list of its honorary members Abbey and Sargent. The King of England appointed Abbey to be the official painter of the Coronation. The Luxemburg Gallery at Paris bought more paintings by Americans.

B.

Millionaires of the United States continued to buy ancient and modern paintings of Europe. Altman bought Hoppner's portrait of Louisa, Countess of Dysart, which had brought by auction in June, 1901, $77,500. J. Pierpont Morgan bought panels painted by Fragonard for Madame du Barry's house at Louveciennes, art objects of the Renaissance, bronzes, Greek figurines, and made public his determination not to import them because of his decision not to pay the tax that the tariff imposes on works of art imported. Harry Walters bought in Rome the Massaranti collection for $1,000,000 and imported it. The Metropolitan Museum of Art almost lost the Garland collection of Chinese vases. It would have been sold abroad if Mr. Morgan had not bought and left it in the Museum as a loan collection still. Samuel Putnam Avery gave his collection of prints to the New York Public Library. It is formed of 17,775 etchings and lithographs by 978 artists, the glory of the nineteenth century, the wealth of an age. James Henry Smith gave to the Metropolitan Museum of Art Rubens's "Holy Family," sold for $50,000 at the auction sale of the gallery formed by F. O. Matthiessen. George Vanderbilt lent to the same

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John W. Alexander.

Henry Merwin Shrady.

John La Farge.

William M. Chase. museum the collection of pictures formed by his father William H. Vanderbilt, valuably expressive of the taste for paintings of the Romanticists and of delicate workmen like Meissonier, that reigned twentyfive years ago. The American artists worked with admirable fervor.

John La Farge showed a mosaic in glass, in the magically colored glass that he invented, of "Wisdom Enthroned." Her red gown is in the folds of an ideal drapery. Her right elbow rests on a globe blue and pearl. The hand is at her cheek. Peaceful and grave, her brown eyes reflecting an infinite serenity, she is more terribly beautiful than an army in line of battle. In front of her, on each side of her throne, is a nude figure. One is a youth crowned with the laurel of athletes.

He is in the dress of knights and rests his hand on the hilt of a tall sword, the blade of which is as blue as the sky. His arm is armored with gold. His head is reverent and his dark eyes think. The other figure is of old age, with one hand at the breast and the other at the folds of the gown. Between the columns is reflected the magnificence of precious stones. The work, made in memory of Oakes Angier Ames and Oliver Ames, is in the Unitarian Church at North Easton, Mass.

The Water Color Club's show at the Fine Arts Society was of the pictures, discreet and elegant, that hush or appease. They were light and captivating. John La Farge, Ben Foster, Clara T. McChesney, Charles Warren Eaton, M. H. Squire, Genjiro Yeto, George R. Barse, Jr., Albert Herter, Maurice B. Pendergrast, had fine examples of their art there. The water colorists were not in the disposition to tell the plays of lights and colors that the painters in oils reveal so enchantingly.

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Frederick Dielman. courtyards, the pottery makers of Laguna at their vases, a carver of hieroglyphics at his task, the light and the lore of the land of the Aztecs.

Robert Reid made a historical painting with an originality. He painted for the State House at Boston, a large mural picture of "James Otis making his famous argument against the writs of assistance in the old Town House in Boston, in February, 1761." In it are five judges with Lieutenant-Governor Hutchinson as chief, listening to Otis, and a public. A fire burns in the grate. Around it are the judges seated in a semi-circle. The glare of the grate is on the scarlet broadcloth and the cambric bands of their robes, the silvery white of their long, curly wigs.

The outlines of the personages tinted with red make complimentary reflections of green in the shadows. Through the unique, narrow window a cold blue light enters. The public is in a line under the window. The speaker, James Otis, has the gesture of the Revolution in his attitude. His shadow is silhouetted in blue on the wall. He says vividly in the admirable lines and colors of the figure the words that have made him great, "I will to my dying day oppose with all the powers and faculties God has given me all such instruments of slavery on the one hand and villainy on the other, as this Writ of Assistance is." Edwin Austin Abbey showed in the American Art Galleries the last series of his panels of "The Quest of the Holy Grail," painted for Boston's Public Library. A brilliant work in archaeological exactness, in magnificence of colors, in nobility of drawing, it conveys vividly the poetic impression of the Celtic legend that is the favorite epic of England's modern artists. Sir Galahad in his red mantle passes in the panels through the chivalrous phases of the epic, admirable in his faith. He is athletic. ascetic, unconquerable. The end of the work is an apotheosis of the Grail ascending to Heaven in gold

and azure.

In this work Abbey painted the first marine that art lovers had seen from his brush. It represents Sir Galahad guided by the angel with the invisible Grail in a bark that the waves toss. The colors and the lines of the painting are realistic and beautiful. Abbey's art is illustrative, for he has trained

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his ability to this almost perfectly. Pennell can say of him without exaggeration, "Abbey is the greatest living illustrator.' The fault of this quality is in the panels of the Holy Grail." They are images of a chronicle, not the tales that the stones tell, as the pictures on the walls of the Pantheon painted by Puvis de Chavannes are.

The art of mural decoration found elevated expression in many other buildings, public and private, of the United States. Dielman, president of the National Academy of Design; Simmons, Turner, Blashfield, gave admirable evidences of the national aptitude in it and, more than ever, municipalities and art committees appreciated the value of it.

Abbey's illustrations for "The Deserted Village" of Oliver Goldsmith, Pennell's drawings in penand-ink, etchings and lithographs of scenes of Philadelphia, New Orleans, Italy, London, Normandy; Henry Wolf's portrait of Thomas Jefferson engraved on wood; the water colors of Sarka, the nomad; pictures in books and magazines by Parrish, Yahn, Du Mond, Pyle and others accented the impression of Americanism in art.

The National Academy of Design made admirable its annual exhibition with works of Schofield, Foster, Couse, Du Mond, Alexander, Eakins, Beckwith, Bell, Clark, Harrison, Wiles. Funk showed in twenty-nine portraits painted by him twenty-nine ideas of art of painting portraits. William V. Schwill showed, in portraits also, the inestimable value of Lenbach's teaching. Blaski's talent as a landscape painter was revealed at one of the Lotos Club's shows.

William M. Chase went to Sargent's studio at London to pose for the portrait that Chase's pupils are to present to the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Charles Melville Dewey showed twenty-one paintings in bis frank, patient. inspired art. They seemed to reveal the inert soul of nature, its latent life. sculptors achieved tasks gigantic or exquisite.

The Henry Merwin Shrady, indebted for his ability only to the models that are in nature, won the competition for the monument to General Grant at Washington. It is a brilliant, unexpected, essentially national work of art. Partridge's "Homer," shown at the Arts' Club, had the graceful merit of Tanagra figurines. J. Q. A. Ward modelled admirable figures for the pediment of the New York Stock Exchange. Karl Bitter made the Hubbard and Villard memorials and two symbolical figures for the doorway of the New York Chamber of Commerce.

French's equestrian statue of George Washington-the horse is by Potter-was presented to France; Niehaus, Hartley, Martiny, Ruckstuhl, Grey, Barnard, Bartlett, Proctor, Enid Yandell, Borglum, made statues and statuettes of signal merit. Their show at the Madison Square Garden in alliance with that of the florists, was captivating. The art of reuniting statues with flowers was encouraged there.

The American Water Color Society filled the American Art Galleries with 475 paintings of the sea, the land and the animals. Brown, Hassam, Edwards, Keller, Mora, Shell, Chapman were brilliantly represented there.

The Society of American Artists had, as is its habit, a triumph of modernity. Whistler, Sargent, Cecilia Beaux, whom Sargent guides imperiously; Alexander, Chase, Homer, Eakins, Murphy, Mrs. MacMonnies, Crane, Lathrop renewed their successes there. Blakelock's "Still Night,' owned by Carolina Lambert, was a revelation of that fantastic artist's real charm. Lockwood with a portrait of La Farge, Fromkes with "An Arrangement in Grays" and Walcott with "Gossip' won artistic recognition. The Ten American Painters-Dewing, Simmons. Twachtman, Reid. Tarbell, Benson, De Camp, Weir, Hassam, Metcalf-showed pictures painted as the shepherds of the Anthology sang, for the Muses and themselves, with love of air, of light, of beautiful forms in reflected colors. Auction sales of art objects were interesting and brought large prices.

The American Art Association sold the paintings of the Cox collection, those of Mrs. P. C. Hanford, of Chicago, including Rembrandt's "Head of the Accountant." E. F. Milliken's gallery of all the schools in twenty-six paintings, including admirable examples of Titian and Manet; the collection of Boussod, Valladon & Co.'s shop, including Regnault's "Automedon," Isabey's "Smugglers" and Corot's "Pool;" the F. O. Matthiessen collection, including a Troyon, a Rembrandt and the Rubens that James Henry Smith gave to the Metropolitan Museum of Art; the old masters of Blakeslee's shop. John Fell O'Brien sold an admirable collection of American paintings, ancient and modern, at the Waldorf-Astoria. Popular appreciation of the value of art that is the test of a nation's elevation gained in intensity.

Astronomy,
Tts
Advance in
1902.

The year 1903 finds astronomy facing some of the most absorbing problems that have ever been presented to the human mind. The progress made at the opening of the new century, a progress in which the United States may fairly be said to have taken and held the lead, has opened out new avenues in various directions and widened the whole horizon.

A glance at some of the things that have been done will serve to indicate the character of the work and the possibilities of discovery during the coming year.

Beginninig with our own dwelling place in the Universe, the isolated Solar System, which is driving through open space at an immense remove from the crowded ring of the Milky Way encircling it, we find that the centre and gov

GARRETT
P. SERVISS.

ernor of that System, the Sun, is the object of investigations leading to a knowledge, that promises to become intimate, of the nature and sources of the radiant energy which maintains life upon the earth.

The old view of the sun regarded it merely as the hearth of the System, from which light and heat were genially poured into surrounding space. But the studies of Professor Langley, and others, have shown us that light and heat form only a part of the sun's radiation, and have led us to see in the orb of day a far more wonderful thing than a mere warming and illuminating centre. It appears, instead, as an organism of astonishing complexity, sending forth forms of radiation that may affect us in ways as yet hardly dreamed of.

We begin dimly to perceive that there come from the sun energies which in our present state of ignorance, or half-knowledge, appear mysterious and almost inexplicable. Arrhenius. and other investigators, have shown that even the familiar phenomenon of light has heretofore been but balf understood. According to these investigations the light waves drive off from the sun electrified corpuscles which reach the earth and the other planets, affect the electrical condition of our atmosphere, cause strange luminous appearances in the upper air, and about the terrestrial magnetic poles, and produce other effects, the nature and extent of which remain to be studied.

The electro-magnetic influence of the sun, and the existence of obscure forms in its radiation, recalling the phenomena of the X-rays and Kathode rays are among the problems now under investigation. In the study of the sun Professor George E. Hale and his assistants at the Yerkes Observatory hold a leading place. Of course, in a brief article, it is impossible to cover the whole ground of so extensive a subject. Only a few indications, here and there, can be given.

Progress is being made in the knowledge of our own earth, considered as a celestial body. During the past year some further irregularities in its axial rotation have been detected. In brief, the earth wobbles, just a trifle. as it swiftly turns upon its axis, and in its wobbling, which is so slight that only the most refined and patient methods of observation can reveal it, a number of different elements are concerned, the precise origin and meaning of which remain unknown. But, although it may be somewhat startling to be told that the axle of our huge whirling globe is not perfectly steady in position, yet there is feally no known reason to be alarmed. The position of the poles is not shifted more than thirty or forty feet at the most.

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