countries are over $8,000,000,000, of which we supply about 15 per cent.; those of Asia and Oceania, $1,200,000,000, of which we supply about 10 per cent.; those of South America, $375,000,000, of which we supply about 10 per cent.; those of Africa, $430,000,000, of which we supply 5 per cent.; and those of North America, other than the United States, $400,000,000, of which, by reason of proximity, we supply about 40 per cent. While a considerable share of the commerce of any country is a mere exchange with contiguous or adjacent countries, it may be assumed that as a rule fully one-half of the imports of these grand divisions is of a character for which we may compete, thus indicating that there are still great possibilities for the American producer and manufacturer in all parts of the consuming world, and that with patience, diligence and fair dealing he may expect to make two blades of grass grow where now only one exists. In the enthusiasm over our growing exports of the past few years we have given little attention to the growth of our imports. While it is true that our per capita of imports has been perceptibly reduced in the last thirty years, it is also true that the grand total of imports is slowly but steadily increasing. You can count on the fingers of one hand the number of years in which the imports have been as much as $800,000,000, but in the last fiscal year they exceeded $900,000,000, and at this rate of progress bid fair to be a round billion in the near future. What does this mean? Why do our imports continue to grow, despite the increased products of our fields, and forests, and mines, and factories? The answer is simple. In one great class of products we have been in the past absolutely dependent on other countries. While it is true that we are the world's greatest producer of bread and meat and coal and iron and steel manufactures, we have been in the past entirely dependent upon other parts of the world for tropical products. And it is in these articles that the chief growth in our importations has occurred. Year by year the people consume increased quantities of tropical productions for food and drink. Our im ports of sugar have grown from a little more than one billion pounds in 1870, to four and one-half billions in the calendar year 1901; those of coffee, from 235,000,000 pounds to 1,073,000,000; tea, from 47,000,000 pounds to 63,000,000; cocoa, from less than 4,000,000 pounds to over 50,000,000; rice, from 43,000,000 pounds to 139,000,000. But more important than this is the fact that the great manufacturing interests of the country are making greater and greater demands upon the tropics for their supplies of raw materials. The imports of fibres, chiefly tropical, which in 1870 amounted to less than 44,000 tons, were last calendar year over 256,000 tons; those of rubber have in the same time increased from less than 10,000,000 pounds to over 55,000,000 pounds; tobacco, from 6,000,000 pounds to 28,000,000; silk, from half a million pounds to over 12,000,000 pounds. and cotton, from less than 2,000,000 pounds to over 68,000,000 pounds. The result is that the value of tropical and sub-tropical products imported has grown from $143,000,000 in 1870 to about $400,000,000 in the calendar year 1901, and the share which they form of our imports has grown from 31 per cent of the total in 1870 to 48 per cent of the total in 1901, and seems likely to form more than 50 per cent in the future. The total of our imports has doubled since 1870, but the imports of tropical and sub-tropical products have practically trebled in the same time. The value of our imports classified as "manufacturers' materials" only a dozen years ago was $265,000,000 and amounted to 33 per cent of the total; in the year about to end the value of manufacturers' materials imported will be about $420,000,000, and will form more than 46 per cent of the grand total. OUR GROWING DEPENDENCE ON THE TROPICS. What does this mean? Clearly that we are increasing our dependence upon the tropics. What does it mean to the producers and manufacturers and exporters of the country? Clearly that they should seek to pay in the products of the field and factory for the increasing millions of tropical products which they im port and must continue to import, and that in the great undeveloped markets of South America and Africa and Asia and Oceania, which supply these tropical products, we should seek to enlarge our sales and encourage mutual interchange of commodities. What does it mean to this nation, which has recently extended its control over three great groups of tropical islands, with an area of 150,000 square miles, a population of 10,000,000 people, and an unmeasured possibility for the production of the very articles which we are now importing in increased quantities and must continue to import in greater quantities? Clearly that much of this great mass of the necessities of life and manufacture which we are now importing can be produced under the American flag, with American capital, and by American citizens. Any one of these islands, Porto Rico, Hawaii, Guam, Tutuila, and the Philippine Islands, is capable of producing a part of the hemp, the jute, the coffee, the cocoa, the tropical fruits, the sugar, the high-grade tobacco, and probably the silk and the tea and the india rubber for which we are now sending hundreds of millions of dollars to other countries. I would not see them take a dollar from the earnings of the American farmer, but until he can produce at home the sugar and high-grade tobacco and silk and rice for which we are now sending our millions abroad, why should we not expend that money in our own islands, and in so doing build up in them a splendid market for our own products? The Hawaiian Islands have increased their producing power more than twentyfold since we annexed them commercially by the reciprocity treaty of 1876, and have also increased their consumption of our products twentyfold. In the short three years since the actual annexation of those islands their production has enormously increased and our exports to them have more than trebled. In the four years since Porto Rico came under the American flag it has trebled its supply of tropical products in our markets and more than quadrupled its consumption of American goods. In the four short years since the American flag was hoisted at Manila our exports to the Philippine Islands have increased tenfold and those to all Asia and Oceania have doubled. There is one other feature to which I wish to refer briefly, and in which I wish to point out to the manufacturers some possibilities in the home market which still await them. There are four great groups of manufactures which stubbornly hold their own in the import trade despite the efforts of the manufacturers of the country to capture the home market. These four groups are manufactures of cotton, manufactures of fibres, manufactures of silk and chemicals. It has seemed to me a strange, almost incredible fact, that the country which produces three-fourths of the cotton of the world and boasts of having the best manufacturing machinery, the most successful inventors, and the most ingenious and successful workmen, should be importing many million dollars' worth of cotton manufactures every year, and should actually have permitted that importation to increase year by year rather than diminish, as is the case with most classes of manufactures. 1029 I call attention to these sole remaining opportunities because of my perfect confidence in the ability of the American manufacturer and the American workman. The fact that they have since 1870 increased the importations of raw silk from 500,000 pounds to over 12,000,000 shows the magnificent work they have accomplished in supplying the home demand, and that it is only a question of time when they will take entire possession of the field. The fact that home manufacturers have increased their importations of fibres from 44,000 tons to 256,000 tons shows the progress they are making in capturing that important market, and that they will continue to make progress until the importation of manufactures in this line shall be reduced to a minimum. The fact that our cotton mills are now using four times the amount of American cotton and thirty times the amount of foreign cotton used in 1870 shows the progress which they are making, and that they will in time turn their attention to supplying the $40.000.000 worth of high-grade cotton goods, chiefly laces and embroideries, which foreign manufacturers still sell in the United States. The fact that the exportation of chemicals has grown from $6,000,000 a decade ago to over $14,000,000 last year shows that the manufacturers in that line will soon be able to claim for their own at least a larger share of the market in those lines than at present. The fact that the manufacturers have cut down the importations of iron and steel manufactures from $67,000,000 in 1862 to $17.000.000 last year, and that they inc eased the exports of iron and steel manufactures from $12,000,000 in 1880 to $117,000,000 in 1901, shows that it is but a matter of time when they will supply the remainder of the home market. And finally, the fact that the importations of manufactures have steadily fallen and the exportations of manufactures steadily increased until we are now constantly exporting more of manufactures than we import, gives me a complete assurance, a perfect confidence, that American manufacturers will not only capture this remaining $200,000,000 of the home market still available, but will go steadily forward in the work of capturing foreign markets. True, our imports must continue to grow, but that growth will be in the raw materials which the manufacturer must use, and in the tropical products which our own fields do not produce; and even these will soon 'be supplied, in large part at least, by the islands which have recently come under our control. accom When these two things shall have been plished, when the American manufacturer shall supply the high-grade manufactures now imported, but which he will soon be able to produce, and when our new islands shall supply the tropical products which we must have. the United States will the occupy unique position of producing within her own boundaries all of the requirements of her own people and will continue to supply other nations from her growing FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES, 1790 TO 1901 ANNUAL AVERAGE OF TEN-YEAR PERIODS 332 204 1790-1800 1801-10 11/20. 1821-30. 1031 0. 10+1-50. 1831 40. 1861-70. 389 692 1871-80. 1881-90. 1941-1900. 1901. surplus the natural products and manufactures which they demand and which they will continue to demand in increasing quantities. OUR FAVORABLE TRADE BALANCE NOT A MENACE. I do not share in the fear which some have expressed that this condition, by which exports are to constantly exceed imports, is likely either to destroy our markets abroad or unsettle international finances. Certainly the experiences of the last thirty years do not sustain either of these theories. In that time our exports have exceeded our imports by the enormous sum of $5,000,000,000. We have been informed that if we persisted in this ruinous course of refusing to redistribute to the world the money which we receive for our products we should so disturb the world's currency balances as to produce some awful financial cataclysm. But has this happened? It is true that we have somewhat bettered our financial condition, that the amount of money in circulation in this country has been increased, and the amount per capita doubled. is anybody among us complaining of that fact? Has the wonderful business activity which has existed over the entire business world during the past few years sustained the theory that the United States is destroying the prosperity of other countries by selling more than it buys? If the United States really appropriated to itself an undue share of the world's money by selling $5,000,000,000 worth of merchandise in excess of its purchases from 1874 to 1901, how is it that the currency of the United Kingdom has increased from $10 per capita in 1873 to $17 per capita in 1900; that Germany has Increased her currency from $13 per capita to $20 per capita in the same time; that Italy increased her per capita money from $5 to $10; that the money of Belgium increased from $14 per capita to $23 per capita; that of Netherlands from $16 to $26 per capita; Sweden from $3 to $10 per capita, and Australasia from $20 to $31 per capita, and that the other nations of the world have generally Increased rather than decreased their circulating medium and their wealth meantime? We have not been bringing into the country and storing away in our vaults the $5,000,000,000 represented by the excess of our exports during that time. We have been paying our debts abroad -at least a part of them; we have been sending our citizens all over the world to redistribute the money and get the value of it in new information, new ideas, new views of life, new experiences and new health and vigor. We have been investing our money in the securities of other nations, and are beginning to make ourselves, in a very limited way, a creditor nation. And we have been distributing a part of this surplus in paying freights on our products carried in other people's vessels, a custom which I hope will soon terminate nd be substituted by the sight of the American flag in all parts of the world, and the payment to American vessel owners of the large sums paid in the past to those of other countries. Our foreign indebtedness still amounts to probably $2,000,000,000 and our national debt to $1,000,000,000. Until we are able to pay this great sum of three billions of indebtedness and stand forth before the world as free men, as a nation absolutely free of obligations to other countries or to its own citizens; until we are able to take the rank to which we are entitled as a great creditor nation, supplying to the other countries the funds for which they are constantly seeking in the money markets of the world; until our sails shall whiten every sea and the millions of dollars which we are now paying to foreign shipowners pass to the hands of the owners of our own vessels, let us be content with the present order of things. FUTURE OF AMERICAN COMMERCE. What of the future? TOTAL VALUE OF MANUFACTURES EX- ... 1870 102 183 240 -------- But 412 1880 1855 1090 1805 1898 1901 In my mind's eye I see a great, a wonderful development, far beyond that before which the world now stands in amazement. I see Niagara and countless smaller waterfalls furnishing electricity to be carried by wire to every city and hamlet and farm, to be used for light and heat and power, in manufacturing, and for transportation on rivers and canals and railways and roads. I see a great canal connecting the two oceans, and putting our eastern and western shores in close water communication and our great ports in direct touch with the markets of the whole world. I see another ship canal connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic, with ocean vessels landing at the docks of Cleveland and Chicago and Milwaukee and Duluth, and making that greatest producing section of the whole world a great ocean frontage. I see another canal connecting the lakes with the Mississippi River. and a great system of light draught steamers and barges carrying the products of that great valley to the ocean steamships upon the lakes or the Gulf of Mexico, as convenience of location may determine. PER-CENT Ib. 2 14.7 11.S 17.2 17.4 24.1 20.4 I see an American cable giving us facilities for instant communication with our islands of the Pacific and the Orient, and those islands supplying us with hundreds of millions of dollars' worth of their productions and taking hundreds of millions of dollars' worth of our products in exchange. I see the islands of the Gulf of Mexico, one by one knocking at our doors and coming under the American flag and furnishing us through open doors their tropical products to mingle with those of the islands of the Pacific. I see a great railway line extending from Alaska at the north to Argentina at the south, connecting the railway systems of the two continents and bringing the great markets of that continent into close relation with our own. I see a steady growth of American influence and a development of closer commercial relations with our neighbors on the north and on the south. I see a magnificent fleet of steamships, controlled by American capital and genius, and many of them flying the American flag, penetrating every sea, carrying American goods to every continent and every clime, and sending them to the interior of every country by American engines, in American cars, and upon American rails. I see the product of the American farm and factory in every land throughout the civilized world, and with this accomplishment, increased prosperity for American producers and manufacturers, and increased happiness among all classes of American citizens. Note. When not otherwise specified the calculations that are presented in all the illustrative diagrams are based upon a ratio of millions. *Revised by the author from an address delivered at Pittsburg, Pa., July 4, 1902. The diagrams were also prepared by Mr. Austin. Connecticut. Capital: Connecticut, one of the thirteen original States, has an area of 4,990 square miles, there being but two smaller States in the Union, and in 1901 it had an estimated population of 927,000. The Connecticut River and the seacoast adjacent to its mouth were first explored by the Dutch, who claimed the territory. A counter claim was made by England, based on the patent of Connecticut granted in 1631 to Lord Say and Seal, Lord Brook, Sir Richard Saltonstall and associates, by the Earl of Warwick. In 1633 the Dutch made a settlement at Hartford, but in a few years sold out to the English. In 1639 permanent settlements were made at Hartford, Windsor and Wethersfield by companies from Massachusetts. Connecticut has always been the home of the shrewd type of Yankee that is the original of "Brother Jonathan," and due to his skill and frugality are the many varied industries for which the State is famed. According to the census report the position which Connecticut holds in the manufacturing world is due in part to its excellent communication by rail and water with all parts of the country; to its geographical location, by which it can handle a large export trade, to its water power, to its plentiful supplies of labor and capital, the former gathered easily in the great centres of the East and the latter coming to it not only from its profitable manufactures, but also from its large insurance and banking interests; to its joint stock laws, and above all to its early settlers and their descendants, men of great inventive genius, frugality and industry." On June 13, 1901, the Connecticut State Legislature passed a bill to submit to the electors in October of the same year an amendment to the Constitution, having for Its object a change in the system of apportioning representatives in the General Assembly. This act was the result of agitation conducted for some years for the abolition of the existing system, which provides that the basis of representation in Connecticut shall be by township and not by population. Professor Guy S. Ford says that this system of government is one of the best existing types of the archaic "rotten borough" system. The House of Representatives is made up of 255 members, representing 168 towns. Eighty-one towns have one representative each, and eighty-seven have two each. The smallest four towns and the largest four have two representatives each. tricts have as much influence in the 310.012 people in the cities and towns represents 121 voters in the the majority of members of the from towns comprising one-ninth of An attempt was made to pass ture, calling for a more equal dis was persistently voted down by the by the Republican State Convention. tutional Convention, each township delegate. This gave control of the but as the amendment, when formu electors for acceptance, there was The convention met January 1, agreed upon a plan of representa town was to have at least one rep towns of more than 2,000 and less and one additional representative Senate was to consist of forty-five of twenty-four. On June 16 the amendment was or rejection, and was rejected by a interest being shown in the voting. The 2,355 people in the rural disgovernment of the State as the villages, and one voter in the small large towns. Statistics show that House of Representatives come the population of the State. an amendment through the Legislatribution of representation, but it country members, although indorsed It was then agreed to call a Constiin the State to have at least one convention to the country members. lated had to be presented to the but little fear felt by the cities. 1902, and adjourned May 15, having tion. in brief, as follows; Every resentative in the House. and than 50,000 were to have two each, for each 50,000 inhabitants. The members, elected at large, instead put before the people for acceptance majority of about 10,000, very little ing the formation of corporations 1901. This bill provided that corState by the payment of a small free from any State supervisory cents for each $1,000 up to $5,000,each $1,000 of capital over $5,000,ters forever exempt from State tax A widely discussed act regard was passed by the Legislature of porations might be formed in the tax and be thereafter practically power. By the payment of 50 000, and 10 cents additional for 000, corporations might obtain char ation. The idea was said to be to induce corporations doing business in Connecticut to incorporate in that State, adding that much revenue to the State treasury. Gov. Abiram Chamberlain. A clause provided that such corporations might not carry on any railroad business within the boundaries of Connecticut or carry on any business requiring the condemnation of property or the obtaining of franchise rights. These restrictions were not to hold provided that the business was conducted outside of the State. A law provided for the organization and establishment by the Commissioner of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, of free labor employment bureaus in Hartford, New Haven, Bridgeport, Norwich and Waterbury, and provided that no other employment bureaus except for the employment of school teachers should be established in the State without being licensed by the Commissioner. Bureaus so licensed were prohibited from receiving any fee greater than $2.00, and if employment was not found for the applicant or the applicant did not accept the employment offered within one month from the time of registration, the fee should be returned. A labor law for the protection of Italian contract laborers provided that no contractor or foreman should accept a fee for furnishing employment that shanties and lodging houses should be examined by the State health officers, and that agents or others who sold goods to laborers at more than the current market rates should be fined. No barber's license was to be granted unless the applicant had served at least three years' apprenticeship or had spent that length of time in a barber's school, and had passed an examination showing him to be free from cantagious diseases and to have a sufficient knowledge of the common diseases of the skin and scalp to avoid the spreading or aggravation of them. The sentence for kidnapping was made imprisonment for not more than thirty years. An act was passed limiting the speed of motor vehicles to fifteen miles an hour outside of any city and twelve miles an hour within. Towns, however, might grant permits allowing motor vehicles to go at a greater speed. During October, 1901 and 1902, three towns in Connecticut elected Mayors from the Labor Party. These were Ignatius A. Sullivan, of Hartford; Stephen Charters, of Ansonia, and Dennis Mulvihill, of Bridgeport. A movement is in charge of the party electing these men, to enter the State campaign for Governorship and control of the Legislature. The platform states simply that the party advocates equal representation in the General Assembly for the people of the State, the right of trial by jury and the restriction of government by injunction. On August 5, 1902, the conductors and motormen of the Fairhaven & Westville Street Railway Company, of New Haven, struck on account of the discharge of several of the employes of the road. Their demand was that "the Fairhaven & Westville Railroad Company recognize our union and that the men who were discharged without cause shall be reinstated." The strike was complete, and for four days not a car of this company was run. There was no violence, and public sentiment was entirely on the side of the strikers. On August 9, after an attempt on the part of the State Board of Arbitration to settle the dispute, and successful efforts on the part of the Mayor to prevent rioting or damage to property, the strike was declared off, the employes winning a complete victory. It was charged that Franklin T. Ives, a member of the State Board of Arbitration, had refused to take part in the sessions of the Board, and that he had unqualifiedly condemned the strikers. His resignation was asked by the labor men of the State, but no action was taken by the Governor. Considerable stir was made at Yale University, near the close of the last session, by the discovery of the existence of a "Criminal Club" at that institution. Steps were taken at once by the president of the university and the faculty to break up this organization, and the students having part in it were severely reprimanded and one expelled. The Yale bi-centennial, held in October, 1901, drew to New Haven a gathering of savants and famous men such as has seldom assembled in America. Honorary degrees were conferred upon several well-known statesmen and foreign ministers. A small tidal wave, originating from some unknown cause, entered the harbor of Bridgeport on October 14, and played havoc with the shipping. Several schooners and the submarine boat Argonaut were damaged. the latter losing her conning tower and air pipe mast. Costa Rica. Capital: On October 5, 1502, Christopher Columbus, having remained for a short time at anchor in the harbor of San Juan, sailed down the coast of Central America, and received at his stopping places specimens of gold ore, which caused him to name the land La Costa Rica y Castilla de Oro. Its history as a province of Spain is coincident with that of Guatemala, under which name all the country between the southern border of Costa Rica and the northern boundary of Chiapas, Mexico, was included previous to 1821. During the crisis which followed the declaration of independence of the Spanish-American colonies in that year, Costa Rica preserved a neutrality, but in November became, with the other Central American States, a part of the Republic of Mexico. A separation was effected July 1, 1823, after the downfall of the abortive empire of Iturbide, and a confederation was formed of the five States of Guatemala, Honduras, San Salvador. Nicaragua and Costa Rica. This lasted until 1840, when Costa Rica withdrew and formed an independent government under the presidency of Don Brulio Carillo. In 1847 a constitution was adopted, providing for a President and Vice-President, elected for six years, and a Congress consisting of a House of Representatives only, composed of twelve members. Various modifications were made in 1859, 1860 and 1863, the presidential term being fixed at four years, and Congress undergoing many reforms. In 1856 Costa Rica declared war against the filibuster, William Walker, who had taken possession of Nicaragua. The Costa Rican forces, under command of Don Juan Mora, met Walker's troops under Colonel Schlesinger, near Santa Rosa, routed them, followed them into Nicaragua, and in conjunction with the forces sent from other States caused his surrender to the commander of the United States sloop of war, St. Mary. In 1872 the Ministers of the several Central American republics met in the city of La Union, San Salvador, and signed a treaty for the formation of a Central American confederation, which failed to prove the lasting benefit expected. Costa Rica touches both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, and from her position commands good commercial advantages. The main range of the Andes traverses the entire territory of Costa Rica and forms a tableland upon which are situated the principal cities and centres of population. This plateau is intersected by a series of volcanic peaks, which are generally extinct, or, rather, dormant. On the Pacific coast the country is well diversified by valleys, and the valley of the San Jose is especially beautiful. It occupies the centre of the mountainous region of the isthmus, at nearly an equal distance from both oceans. The ground about the capital rises by great undulations eastward to the base of the volcano of Cartago, and northwest by more gentle slopes to the Barba peaks. On the south it swells to form the San Miguel Mountains, and on the west it declines to the level plains of the Carmen. The climate is as varied as the surface of the country. It is mild and temperate in the uplands and very healthful for the tropics. Both the consts are sickly, however, and the length and severity of the rainy season is very trying to foreigners. The Atlantic coast suffers greatest from these rains. The area of the five provinces and two territories composing Costa Rica has been estimated at 23,000 square miles. The estimated population in 1899 was 310,000. The population of European descent, generally of pure Spanish blood, dwell mostly around the capital, the city of San Jose, and in the towns of Alajula, Cartago, Guanacaste, Puntarenas and Limon. The government encourages immigration by the sale of land on easy terms. For the purpose of public health the country has been divided into 21 districts, superintended by medical men paid by the national treasury. The boundary disputes between Costa Rica and Colombia have been settled, rather to the advantage of the latter Republic. The legislative power is vested in a Chamber of Representatives, one representative to every 8,000 inhabitants, chosen in electoral assemblies, the members of which are elected by citizens of the Republic who are capable of supporting themselves. The members of the Chamber are elected every four years, one-half retiring every two years. The President is elected for a term of four years, in the same manner as the Congress. There are two banks in Costa Rica, the Anglo-Costa Rican Bank, and the Bank of Costa Rica, with a capital of 1,200,000 pesos and 2,000,000 pesos, respectively. In 1896 an act was passed providing for a gold standard at the ratio of 1 to 264, the monetary unit to be the gold colon. On July 16, 1900, the new coinage was put in circulation, all obligations contracted in national money being payable in the new coinage at the rate of one colon to the silver peso. Foreign gold is legal, but not foreign silver. The Roman Catholic is the religion of the State, but all forms of faith are given entire liberty under the Constitution. In 1892, the latest figures obtainable, there were 2,245 Protestants, 36 Jews and 224 Buddhists and followers of other faiths in the Republic. Public primary education is free, and the law compelling school attendance is rigidly enforced. There are several establishments for higher education. The total foreign debt in 1901 stood at 2,000,000 pesos, and the internal debt was about 6,916,000 pesos. Costa Rica has an army of 600 men and 12,000 militia, but on a war footing can command 34,000 militia, for every male between eighteen and fifty may be required to serve. The Republic has also one torpedo boat and one gunboat. Almost anything can be grown in Costa Rica, but the chief agricultural products are coffee and bananas. In 1899, the last figures obtainable, show that 35,486,000 pounds of coffee and 3,420,166 bunches of bananas were exported. The export duty on coffee was removed by a decree of April 20, 1901. Maize, rice and potatoes are commonly cultivated, and the culture of cocoa is extending. Several districts are auriferous and mining is carried on to some extent, but the machinery and plants are of small extent. From three mines worked with American capital the gold exports in 1900 were valued at about $160,000. Recent reports from various mining districts indicate renewed activity in the development of the mineral resources of the country. New companies are being formed and new methods are being applied to mines already in operation. The Abengares Gold Fields Company, which operates on the Pacific side of the Republic, is opening mines at lower levels than heretofore. In order to promote the cultivation of bananas, the export duty has |