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PENAL STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES. TABLE NO. 1.-INSTITUTIONS.-Continued.

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Note.-When not otherwise stated the figures given are the last published report. For two years ending 1900. No prison. Has State farm where aged and infirm are confined. §Does not include cost of new buildings. Maintains six penitentiaries. **Includes houses of refuge. Population at time of last report. Two years profit of jute mill and brick yard. (a) 1901.

Note.-Alaska has no penitentiary. All prisoners convicted of heinous crimes and sentenced to one year or more of imprisonment are transported to McNeil's Island, Washington. The creation of a penitentiary on some island in Sitka Harbor is suggested. Many criminals are entering the district, and the prisoners sent to McNeil's Island form a large contingent there. The prisoners held in the Sitka jail spend their terms in enforced idleness.

Oklahoma has no penitentiary, but sends its convicts to the Kansas State Penitentiary at Lansing, paying 35 cents per day for each. On July 1, 1901, the number of these convicts was 252.

In the Philippines there are two prisons for offenders against the civil laws. The number in confinement at the presidio de Manila on June 30, 1901, was 946. In the Carcel Publica on the same date there were 615 native male prisoners, 25 native female prisoners, and 41 American prisoners-a total of 681.

PENAL STATISTICS, TABLE NO. 2.-CHARACTER OF PRISONERS HELD AT CLOSE OF YEAR.

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population.

Average

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PENAL STATISTICS.-TABLE NO. 3.-PRISONERS HELD AT CLOSE OF YEAR AND NATURE OF

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PENAL STATISTICS.-TABLE NO. 4.

UNITED STATES PRISONERS CONFINED IN STATE INSTITUTIONS.
(From reports of the Department of Justice.)

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S. and C. Kan., Ok., Texas N., E.
and W.. and military prisoners.

Arkansas E., Texas N.

Kentucky.

Maine.
Maryland.

20 10 10
18

14

4

7 11 12 201 18.

18

18

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Ala., La., E.N.C., W. Tenn. and Tex. W.

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Illinois Northern and Illinois Southern

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Illinois Northern.

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White.

Colored.

Indian.

Male.

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PENAL STATISTICS.-TABLE NO. 5.-UNITED STATES PRISONERS. (Crimes for which committed, 1901.)

180/12 65/127 1 1 53 1 24

150

42

1

2 28

44

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Meaning of abbreviations: E. Eastern: W, Western; M. Middle: C. Central; N, Northern; S, Southern; Pen, Penitentiary; Ind, Industrial; Cor, Correction; Ref, Reformatory; W H, Workhouse.

CRIME IN ENGLAND.

The criminal statistics of England and Wales are very complete, those for 1900 being available during 1902. In that year there were 7.975 convictions before the Assizes and Quarter Sessions, and 616,731 convictions before the Court of Summary Jurisdiction.

Of the convictions secured before the Assizes and Quarter Sessions, 20 were for murder: 8 for attempts at murder; 3 for conspiracy to murder; 71 for manslaughter; 92 for felonious wounding; 483 malicious wounding: 165 assault; 667 social crimes, and 93 other offences.

In addition to these 1,602 crimes against the person there were 1,567 convictions for crimes against property with violence; 4.143 for crimes against property without violence; 185 malicious injury to property, including 58 for arson; 220 for forgery and other offences against the currency, and 258 for miscellaneous offences.

During the year 1900, 182,554 persons were received at the 56 local prisons, 133,345 being males and 49,209 females. During the same period 1,292 children were committed to houses of reformation, 997 boys and 132 girls having been found guilty of indictable crimes, and 167 boys and 16 girls of non-indictable offences.

The number of insane criminals committed to asylums during 1900 was 147, and the total number in such asylums at the close of the year was 770-579 being males and 191 females. The total prison population, December 31, 1900, was 3,001, of which 127 were life prisoners.

CRIME IN INDIA.*

Prison statistics of the United Provinces of Agra and Oude, British India, indicate a gratifying decrease of crime in that country during several years past. The population of these provinces is about 50.000.000. The number of prisoners of all classes in confinement on January 1, 1901, was 30,893; and on December 31, of the same year, the number had been reduced to 28,756, a decrease of 2,137. The number committed to the jails during the year was 79,585, against 97.487 the previous year, a decrease of 17.902. These numbers include offenders of every kind-male and female: juvenile and adult; short term prisoners and convicted felons. Of the convict class the committals numbered 30,736 males, against 35.305 in 1900, and 2,224 females, against 2.992. This was a decrease of 4,569 males and 768 females, a total decrease of 5.337. Those committed under sentence of death numbered 118 males and 6 females. against 168 males and 10 females the year previous. Of habitual criminals the number committed was 3.580, a decrease of 1,325. The ratio of habitual criminals to the free population was 10.86 in 1901, against 12.80 in 1900: 10.96 in 1899; 12.03 in 1898, and 13.67 in 1897. The great bulk of the convict population was composed of Hindoos, the ratio being 86.20. The ratio of Mohammedans was 13.40; Christians, 0.10, and Buddhists, 0.02. Out of the total of 32,960 convicts, 30,934 were illiterate. The more serious offences for which prisoners were committed and the number were as follows: Murder and attempt, culpable homicide and attempt, and abetting attempts at suicide, 639; kidnapping, abduction and selling minors to slavery, 225; aggravated assaults, 1,956; attempts at suicide, 349; serious offences against decency, 214; offences relating to marriage, 262; housebreaking, with intent to commit capital crime, 46; forgery, 48: offences relating to coin and stamps, 197; theft, 5,361; bad living and belonging to wandering gangs of thieves, 4,639.

*The American Almanac is indebted for these statistics to the courtesy of the Rev. T. J. Scott, of the Bareilly Theological Seminary, India.

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CRIME AND PAUPERISM IN OTHER FOREIGN COUNTRIES.

Many countries do not publish statistics of crime and pauperism. Those that were available in 1902

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Argentine

Republic(a)

202

Austriat.

Belgiumt.

21 700,489
42,821

34,450

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89

42,732 (c)

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Bolivia.

3,060

Chili

5 36,640

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34,163

Denmarkt

42,149

3,021

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Ecuador.

758

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130,047

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437 664,325

2,378

225,213

436,734

47,117

437,139

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Italy

134 458,262

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21,866

Japant

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13,600,000 322,000

Netherlands

76

15,726

318

918

14,490

3,042

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47,849(d)

742

235.295t
80,1371

Portugal

18,480

Russia.

888

84,041

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Servia§.

3

3,548

3,196

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1,449

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Switzerland.

4,1791

*1900. 11899. $1898. $1897. 11896. **1895.

(a) In city of Buenos Aires, 1900. (b) No statistics since 1885. (c) Includes petty offences. (d) Includes lesser offences. (e) Includes prisoners tried but acquitted and those charged with misdemeanors. (f) Does not include Scotland and Ireland. (g) Includes Scotland and Ireland. (h) No statistics regarding petty offences.

Cuba; the New Republic.

By an act unprecedented in history the United States, on May 20, 1902, gave to the world a new nation. On that day the Republic of Cuba came into possession of the independence which, in repeated revolutions, she had vainly striven to win. The boon so long denied her was wrested from Spain by the might of the first and greatest of American republics, and was bestowed upon her freely, as the gift of a mother to her own child, entering for the first time upon the responsibilities of life. The island of Cuba was discovered in 1492 by Columbus, who had already discovered America in that year. The Spaniards did not attempt its colonization until 1511, when Diego Velasquez subjugated and enslaved the natives. Small favor was ever shown the colony by the home government. It was subjected to heavy trade restrictions, and when, in the beginning of the eighteenth century, its agricultural wealth began to make a showing, the crown claimed the tobacco trade as a royal monopoly. The colonists opposed the claim violently, and there were frequent encounters between the Cubans and the Spanish militia. Spain finally was forced to give up the tobacco monopoly. During the struggle known as the Seven Years' War, which practically involved all Europe, the English, in February, 1763, gained possession of Cuba, and during the brief period of their occupation, its ports were opened to free commerce, while various needed internal improvements were inaugurated, only to be abandoned when the island was restored to Spanish rule. The better commercial conditions, however, were continued under the rule of Luis de Las Casas, who was the Spanish Governor from 1790 until 1796, and of his successor, the Count of Santa Clara. As a result, the island, through its Provincial Council, when Napoleon deposed Ferdinand VII., in 1808, and placed 1 brother Joseph upon the Spanish throne, unanimously declared unwavering loyalty to the old Bourbon dynasty. From this came its erstwhile title. "The Ever Faithful Isle," bestowed upon it, with promise of a more substantial reward, by the Provisional Government at Seville. When Ferdinand was restored in 1813, Cuba, with the other American colonies, soon began to feel the effect of his despotism. Spain's attempt to make the island a military station from which to direct operations against the Republics of Buenos Aire, Venezuela and Peru, which had shaken off her yoke, created general discontent there, leading to the formation of many secret political societies, and the persistent planning of revolutions. An open revolt in 1820 wrung from the King, after a struggle of two years, cone 3sion of the liberal constitution granted by the Provisional Government of Seville when Ferdinand was deposed. The first move for independence was planned by Soles de Bolivar in 1823, but the leaders were imprisoned upon the very day when the Republic of Cuba was to be proclaimed. Spain's rule became more rigorous, and in 1825 the Black Eagle Society organized another revolutionary movement, with headquarters in Mexico, and recruiting stations in the United States. This also was frustrated by the capture of the leaders before a blow was struck. A suspected plot for a revolt of the slaves about Matanzas in 1844 led to the torture of hundreds of

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