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CANADA.

The Dominion of Canada originally consisted of the two provinces of Canada-Upper and Lower-Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, but the "British North American Act," which was passed in 1867, not only provided for the consolidation of these provinces, but made provision for the admission of British Columbia, Prince Edward Island, the Northwest Territories and Newfoundland, a privilege of which Newfoundland alone has not availed herself. In accordance with this Act of Consolidation the Constitution of the Dominion is "similar in principle to that the United Kingdom," and while the executive authority is vested in the British sovereign, the legislative power of the Dominion is exercised by a Parliament of two houses-the Senate and the House of Commons-and each province forming the Dominion has a separate Parliament and administration, a LieutenantGovernor being at the head of all provincial bodies.

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OTTAWA.

The Senate of the Dominion is composed of eighty-one members who have been nominated for life. Each must be at least thirty years of age, a born or naturalized subject and possessed of $4,000 worth of property in the province from which he was appointed. The 213 members of the House are elected by the vote of their constituencies, the electors of which are qualified by the act of each provincial assembly. The Speaker of the Senate and House each receives a salary of $4,000, while each member of the two houses is granted a session allowance of $1,500, with 10 cents per mile for travelling expenses. In cases of absence, except for sickness, the sum of $8 per diem is deducted. The Governor-General, who receives a salary of $50,000 per annum, is appointed by the Federal Government for a term of five years, and he is assisted in his functions by a Council composed of fourteen heads of departments, each of whom receives a salary of $7,000 per annum, except the Premier, who has a salary of $8,000 per annum.

The representation from the several provinces is as follows: Ontario, 24 Senators, 92 Commons; Quebec, 24 Senators, 65 Commons; Nova Scotia, 10 Senators, 20 Commons; New Brunswick, 10 Senators, 14 Commons; Manitoba, 4 Senators, 7 Commons; British Columbia, 3 Senators, 6 Commons; Prince Edward Island, 4 Senators, 5 Commons; Northwest Territories, 2 Senators, 4 Commons.

DOMINION GOVERNMENT.-The present Executive of the Dominion is composed as follows: Governor-General, Earl of Minto. Staff-Secretary to the Governor-General, Major F. S. Maude; Aidede-Camp, Captain A. C. Bell; Comptroller of the Household, Arthur Guise, Esq. The Cabinet and the Executive Committee of the Privy Council-President of the Privy Council and Prime Minister, Rt. Hon. Sir Wilfrid Laurier; Minister of Trade and Commerce, Hon. Sir Richard Cartwright; Secretary of State, Hon. Richard William Scott; Min patrick; Minister of Marine and Minister of Militia and Defence, Postmaster-General, Hon. William Hon. Sydney Arthur Fisher; Minis Israel Tarte; Minister of Finance, of Railways and Canals, Hon. An Interior, Hon. Clifford Sifton; Min Patterson; Minister of Inland Rev Cabinet, but not in the Council: John Joseph McGee, Esq.. Not in Henry George Carroll. Other Senate, Hon. Lawrence G. Powers; Alfred D. De Celles; Deputy Min Gerald; Deputy Minister of Fin ister of Militia and Defence, Col. manding the Militia, Maj.-Gen. R. eral, Col. Rt. Hon. Lord Aylmer; Cotton; Deputy Minister of Trade Deputy Minister of Marine and Deputy Ministetr of the Interior, Dominion Lands, J. G. Turriff; Pearce; Superintendent of Mines, of Surveys, Dr. Robert Bell; Audi Deputy Minister of Agriculture, ister of Railways, C. Schreiber; Deputy Minister of Public Works, Justice, E. L. Newcombe; Register Deputy Postmaster-General, R. M. John McDougald; Commissioner of B. Perry; Superintendent of Police, Yukon Territory, Z. T. Wood. THE PROVINCES.-The seven provinces which are now comprised area of nearly 4,000,000 square miles, including both land and water, and is thus the largest of all the colonies of the British Empire.

Sir Wilfrid Laurier.

ister of Justice, Hon. Charles FitzFisheries, Hon. James Sutherland; Hon. Frederick William Borden; Mulock: Minister of Agriculture, ter of Public Works, Hon. Joseph Hon. William S. Fielding; Minister drew George Blair; Minister of the ister of Customs, Hon. William enue, Hon. M. E. Bernier. In the Clerk of the King's Privy Purse, the Cabinet: Solicitor-General, Hon. prominent officials: Speaker of the General Librarian of Parliament, ister of Inland Revenue. W. J. ance, J. M. Courtney: Deputy MinL. F. Pinault; General Officer ComH. O'Grady-Haly; Adjutant-GenQuartermaster-General, Col. W. H. and Commerce, W. G. Parmelee: Fisheries, Major F. Gourdeau: James A. Smart: Commissioner of Chief Inspector of Surveys, William Dr. Eugene Haanel; Deputy Head tor-General, John Lorn McDougall; George F. O'Halloran; Deputy MinKing's Printer, S. E. Demson; A. Gobeil; Deputy Minister of of Supreme Court, E. R. Cameron; Coulter; Commissioner of Customs, Police, Northwest Territories. A. within the Dominion have a total

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PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT.-By the provisions of the Consolidation act each province has full power to regulate its own local affairs and dispose of its own revenue, provided it does not interfere with the

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policy of the central government. The Lieutenant-Governor of each province is appointed by the GovernorGeneral, while the other officials are elected by the people. The present executive is composed as follows: Executive for Prince Edward Island-Attorney-General, Hon. Arthur Peters, Premier; Secretary, Treas urer and Commissioner of Agriculture, Hon. Benjamin Rogers; Commissioner of Public Works, Hon. James H. Cummiskey; Members of Council, Hon, James W. Richards, Hon. Peter McNutt, Hon. R. C. McLeod, Hon. Malcolm McDonald, Hon. George Forbes; Clerk, Arthur Newbery.

Executive for Nova Scotia.-Provincial Secretary, Hon. G. H. Murray, Premier; Attorney-General, Hon. J. W. Longley; Commissioner of Works and Mines, Hon. Arthur Drysdale; Members of Council, Hon. Thomas Johnson, Hon. A. H. Comean, Hon. A. MacGillivray, Hon. T. R. Black, Hon. D. McPherson, Hon. W. T. Piper.

.Executive for New Brunswick-Provincial Secretary and Receiver-General, Hon. Lemuel J. Tweedie, Premier; Surveyor-General, Hon. A. T. Dunn: Attorney-General, Hon. William Pugsley; Commissioner for Agriculture, Hon. Lauchlan P. Farris; Chief Commissioner of Public Works, C. H. La Billois; Members of Council, Hon. H. A. McKeown, Hon. George F. Hill; Clerk, J. H. Dickson.

Executive for Quebec-Minister of Lands, Mines and Fisheries, Hon. S. N. Parent, Premier; AttorneyGeneral, H. Archambeault; Minister of Agriculture, Hon. F. G. M. Dechene; Secretary and Register, Hon. H. Tomgeon; Provincial Treasurer, Hon. H. T. Duffy; without portfolio, Hon. J. J. Guerin; Minister of Colonization, Hon. L. Gouin; Clerk, G. Grenier.

Executive for Ontario-Treasurer, Hon. G. W. Ross, Premier; Attorney-General, Hon. J. M. Gibson; Minister of Education, Hon. Richard Harcourt; Commissioner of Public Works, Hon. F. R. Latchford; Secretary, Hon. J. R. Stratton; Commissioner of Crown Lands, Hon. E. J. Davis; Minister of Agriculture, and Registrar, Hon, John Dryden; Clerk, John R. Cartwright.

Executive for Manitoba-Minister of Agriculture and Immigration, Hon. R. P. Roblin, Premier; Treasurer and Land Commissioner, Hon. J. A. Davidson; Secretary, Hon. D. H. McFadden; Attorney-General, Minister of Education and Municipal Commissioner, Hon. Colin H. Campbell; Minister of Public Works, Hon. Robert Rogers; Clerk, C. Graburn.

Executive for British Columbia-President, Hon. James Dunsmuir, Premier; Secretary and Minister of Education, Hon. J. D. Prentice; Attorney-General, Hon. D. M. Eberts; Minister of Finance and Agriculture, Hon. J. D. Prentice; Colamissioner of Lands and Works, Hon. W. C. Wells; Minister of Mines, Colonel the Hon. E. G. Prior.

Executive for Northwest Territories-Attorney-General, F. W. G. Haultain: Treasurer and Commissioner of Public Works, J. H. Koss; Secretary and Commissioner of Agriculture, G. H. V. Bulyea; Clerk of Council and King's Printer, J. A. Reid.

Population.-As no vital statistics are collected for the Dominion it is impossible to estimate the rate of natural increase in population. The population of its largest cities, however, was as follows in 1901: Montreal, 266, 836; Toronto, 207,971; Quebec, 68,834; Ottawa, 59,902; Hamilton, 52,550; Winnipeg, 42,336; Halifax, 40,787; St. John, 40.711; London, 37,983; Vancouver, 26, 196; Victoria, 20,821.

Religion. There is no established Church in the Dominion. The Roman Catholic Church is governed by one Cardinal, seven Archbishops, twenty-three Bishops and about 1,600 clergy; the Episcopal Church by twenty bishops and more than 1.000 clergy, while the Presbyterian Church has 1.000 ministers, the Methodist Church 1,700 and the Baptist Church 550 ministers. The census of 1891 gives the number of followers of each creed: Roman Catholics, 1,992,017; Presbyterians, 755,326; Episcopalians, 646,059; Methodists. 847,765; Baptists, 303,839; Lutherans, 63,982; Congregationalists, 28,157; other creeds, 106,739; Pagan and no creed, 89,355.

Education.-There are one or more universities in each province, and several colleges that prepare for university degrees. The total annual expenditure of these institutions is more than $700,000, and they are attended by nearly 14,000 students. The public school system is also upon a good basis. In 1901 there were 18,963 schools, which were attended by 1,100,000 pupils, and the annual expenditure for their support exceeded $10,000,000.

Crime and the Courts.-Each province in the Dominion has its Superior and County Courts, and there is a Supreme Court in Ottawa, composed of a Chief Justice and five judges, which has jurisdiction throughout Canada.

According to the criminal statistics recently prepared by the Dominion statistician the number of charges in 1901 for indictable offences was 128 less than in 1900, being 8,291 in 1901, as against 8,419 in 1900. The statistical position of 1900 as compared to 1899, however, was 249 more charges. The percentage of convictions in 1901 was 68 per cent, as against 68.51 per cent in 1900. The convictions by provinces were as follows:

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The convictions for indictable offences in 1901, in which the convicted represented himself as a dweller in a city or town, numbered 4,217. From those figures the following results are worked out: Urban crime, 29.80 persons in every 10,000 inhabitants; rural crime, 2.35 persons in every 10,000 inhabitants. By Occupations the returns denote that convicted crime among the agricultural, commercial, domestic, professional and laboring classes decreased. Convicted crime among the industrial class increased, the figures being 652 in 1901 and 590 in 1900, an increase of 62. By percentages it was 11.56 per cent in 1901, 10.01 in 1900, and 12 per cent in 1899. Of the total convictions during 1901 males numbered 5,338 against 5,430 in 1900, a decrease of 92. Females numbered 300, against 338, a decrease of 38.

With regard to juvenile delinquency, while there has been a satisfactory decrease in the juvenile criminals of the female sex, the juvenile criminals of the male sex have most disproportionately increased. This is the most serious fact of the records of crime in Canada. In regard to summary convictions, there was an increase of 1.7 per cent in 1901 as compared with 1900.

For

For the last seven years the committals to the penitentiaries have not varied greatly in number. 1901 they were 492, the offences being as follows: Murder and attempt, 4; manslaughter, 7; social offences, 37; bigamy, 3; shooting at or wounding with intent, 28; assault, 18: burglary and robbery with violence, 137; horse, cattle and sheep stealing, 17; other offences against property, 196; forgery and offences against the currency, 19; arson, 10; other felonies and misdemeanors, 16; total, 492.

The following is the total number of convictions of all kinds in Canada for the year ending September 30, 1901: Offences against the person, 4,677; offences against property with violence, 450; offences against property without violence, 4.216; malicious offences against property, 192; forgery and offenecs against the currency. 91; other offences not included in the above classes (including drunkenness, vagrancy, petty lar ceny, etc.), 32,025; total, 41,651.

[The facts relating to crime in Canada were supplied to The American Almanac by James Massie, Esq. Registrar, Toronto, Canada.]

Products and Industries.-The Dominion is rich in mineral resources, and vast areas of the mining properties are still unimproved. The total value of mineral products in 1900 was $63,775,090. The coal produced in 1900 exceeded 5,332,197 tons, with a value of more than $12,668,000, while among the other minerals mined in 1900 were: Gold, $27,916,752; nickel, $3,227,700; asbestos, $763,431; copper, $3,227,707; silver. $2,730,598; lead, $2,760,521; pig iron, $583,158; petroleum, $1,151,000.

The timber wealth of Canada is also great, and the production of lumber is one of its largest industries. The wood pulp industry is also increasing rapidly, the exportable surplus in 1900 being nearly $2,000,000. The value of the timber products in 1900 exceeded $32.790,000.

Much attention has recently been given to agriculture, and the efforts of the Board of Agriculture to educate the people in the most modern methods of farming and dairying have met with remarkable success. The exports in 1901 included the following agricultural products: Wheat, $6,871,939; flour, $4,015,226; oats, $2,490,521; oatmeal, $467,807; peas, $2,482,249: cattle, $9,064,562; cheese, $20,696,951; butter, $3,295,663; pork, bacon and ham, $11,829,820; eggs, $1,691,640.

The fisheries of Canada are also a great source of income, the value of the catches in 1900 exceeding $20,000,000.

Militia. Since the passage of the Consolidation act the Dominion militia has been under the command of a Major-General of the British army. For military purposes the Dominion is divided into twelve districts, with district officers and a brigadier staff in each. The permanent militia number 1,021; the active militia, 38,090, while the reserve militia consists of all adult males between the age of eighteen and sixty years who are not serving in the active militia. In addition there are two royal schools of artillery, one school of cavalry, one of mounted rifles and five of infantry. There is also a well-established military college at Kingston.

At the present time Canada possesses no marine militia, but efforts are now being made to include the Dominion among the recruiting stations for the Imperial navy.

Railways and Canals.-Canada's system of canal, river and lake navigation is more than 2,700 miles in length, and through it vessels pass from lake ports to the Atlantic without breaking bulk. At the close of 1900 nearly $80,000,000 had been spent on canal construction alone.

The total length of the railroads in the Dominion is nearly 18,000 miles, the line of the Canadian Pacific alone being 2,906, from Montreal to Vancouver. There are also thirty-five electric railways in Canada, with a mileage of 681.

As

Financial and Commercial.-If it were not for the public debt, the interest on which forms the largest items in the list of annual expenditures, Canada's revenue would greatly exceed her disbursements. this debt was chiefly incurred on account of public works and improvements, however, its magnitude does not appall, for its payment in the natural course of events can only be a matter of time. The following table will furnish some idea of the financial growth of the Dominion:

FINANCIAL CONDITION OF THE DOMINION, 1881-1901.

Year.

Total

Expenditures.

1881 1882

1883 1884 1885

91,406,496 116,397,043 89,238,361 108,941,486 85,251,314 104,424,561

89,575.811 112,892,236

$29,635,297.54 $25,502,554.42 $5.88 $1,217,153.33 $29,635,297.54 $33,796,642.66 $98,290,823 $105,330,840 33,383,455.52 27,067,103.58 6.18 1,226,205.80 35,182,549.21 34,674,625.39 102,137,203 119,419,500 35,794,694.80 28,730,157.45 6.48 1,290,153.33 36,803,668.95 42,898,885.96 98,085,804 132,254,022 31.861,961.73 31,107,706.25 6.94 1,350,500.00 32,815,225.73 57,860,861.53 32,797,001.22 35,037,060.12 7.72 1,563,194.84 33,354,042.81 49,163,077.53 1886 33,177,040.39 39,011,612.26 8.50 1,606,270.77 33,479,882.80 61,837,568.52 1887 35,754,993.25 35,657,680.16 7.69 1,592,952.62 35,755,530.91 41,584,151.88) 1888 35,908,463.53 36,718,494.79 7.84 1,939,077.79 35,908,463.53 45,064,124.04 90,203,000 110,894,630 1889 38,782,870.23 36,917,834.76 7.79 1,736,644.34 38,782,870.23 43,578,198.06 89,189,167 115,224,931 1890 39.879,952.41 35,994,031.47 7.51 1,887,237.20 39,879,925.41 41,770,332.73 96,749,149 121,858,241 1891 38,579,310.88 36,343,567.96 7.50 1,938,078.57 38,579,310.88 40,793,208.19 1892 36,921,871.60 36,765,894.18] 7.50 2,027,860.79 36,921,871.60 42,272,136.32 113,963,375 127,406,068 1893 38,168,608.85 36,814,052.90 7.45 2,095,513.89 38,208,608.85 40,853,727.91 118,564,352 129,074,268 1894 36,374,693.07 37,585,025.52) 7.50 2,131,360.81 36,374,883.21 43,008,233.89 117,524,949 123,474,940 1895 33,978,129.47 38,132,005.05 7.53 2,002,311.36 33,978,129.47 42,872,338.44 113,638,803 110,781,682 1896 36,618,590.72 36,949,142.03 7.21 2,055,287.52 36,618,590.72 44,096.383.92 121,013,852) 118,011,508 1897 37,829,778.40 38,349,759.84 7.39 2,101,813.80 37,829,778.40 42,972,755.89 137,950,253 119,218,609 1898 40,552,238.03 38,832,525.70 7.39 2,359,968.55 40,556,510.06 45,334,281.06) 164,152,683 140,323,053 1899 46,741,249.54 41,903,500.54 7.88 2,482,484.65 46,743,102.95 51,542,635.29 158,896,905 162,764,308 1900 51,029,994.02 42,975,279.51 7.99 2,465,639.84 51,031,466.71 54,635,119.63 191,894.723 189,622,573 52,514,701.13 46,866,367.84 8.72 2,480,336.90 52,516,332.76 57,982,866.46 196,487,632 190,415,525

1901

98,417,296 119,967,638

In Newfoundland the Government is administered by a Governor, who is appointed by the Crown at a salary of $10,000, and he is assisted by an Executive Council of nine members, a Legislative Council of fifteen members and a House of Assembly composed of thirty-six representatives.

The present Governor, Sir Cavendish Boyle, was appointed in 1901. His Executive Council is composed as follows: Premier and Colonial Secretary, Hon. Robert Bond; Minister of Justice, Hon. W. H. Horwood; Minister of Finance, Hon. E. M. Jackman; Ministers without portfolios, Hon. E. P. Morris, Hon. A. W. Harvey, Hon. J. S. Pitts, Hon. H. J. B. Woods, Hon. J. D. Ryan and Hon. G. Gnowling.

The population of Newfoundland is estimated as somewhat in excess of 200,000, of whom 72,400 are Roman Catholics. 68,000 Anglicans and 53,000 Methodists. These inhabitants have largely located along the coast of the island, the interior of which is still practically in a state of nature, although the construction of nearly 640 miles of railroad has tended to attract settlers to the rich tracts of agricultural, mineral and timber lands which had hitherto been almost unapproachable.

Mining and fishing are the chief industries of the island, the exports of the colony being: Codfish, $5,453,558; cod and seal oil, $778,322; seal skins, $162,330; lobsters, $441.202; minerals, $1,046,792.

St. John's, the capital of Newfoundland, has a population of about 30,000, while the population of other large towns is: Harbor Grace, 6,466; Carbonear, 4,127; Twillingate, 3,585; Bonavista, 3,551. Labrador, a dependency of Newfoundland, forms the most easterly part of America. It possesses a few missionary settlements and a few posts established by the Hudson Bay Company. Its fisheries are its only

industries.

Greece.

1

Capital:
ATHENS.

Greece was a province of the Turkish Empire from the beginning of the sixteenth century until it gained its independence by the insurrection of 1821-29. By the protocol of London, February 3, 1830, it was declared a kingdom, under the protection of France, Great Britain and Russia, and the crown was offered to Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg. He declined the honor, however, after which it was accepted by Prince Otto of Bavaria, who ascended the throne January 25, 1833, and reigned until October, 1862, when he was expelled from the kingdom.

The present ruler, George I., was the second son of the present King of Denmark, and was born December 24, 1845. After the expulsion of the late ruler the Greeks, meeting in

[graphic][subsumed]

National Assembly elected him King of the Hellenes, March 18, 1863, and on June 4 of the same year he accepted the crown, his father acting as his guardian, as he was not then of legal age. On October 27,

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