February 11, 1902, official announcement was made of an alliance between Great Britain and Japan. The preamble to the treaty stated that the Governments of the two countries, "actuated solely by a desire to maintain the status quo and general peace in the extreme East, and being, moreover, especially interested in maintaining the independence and territorial integrity of China and Korea, and in securing equal opportunities in those countries for the commerce and industry of all nations,' agreed to take such measures as might be indispensable in case the interests of the contracting parties be threatened by aggressive action of any other Power or by disturbances arising within either China or Japan; that in case one party became involved in war with another Power threatening interests in the East, the other would remain neutral; that if other Powers should join the aggressor in hostilities against one of the contracting parties, the other should come to its assistance. It was further agreed that whenever, in the opinion of Great Britain or Japan, the above-mentioned interests are jeopardized, the two Governments will communicate with one another fully and frankly.

This treaty on the part of the two countries was looked upon with suspicion by the rest of Europe, for it was generally thought that it was directed primarily against Russia, whose operations in Northern China were becoming aggressive. Russia, however, diplomatically declared that the settlement of this treaty stilled all her fears regarding Japan's intentions toward Korea, and while not a party to it, had acquiesced to the agreement.

Japan's rapid advance into the first rank of civilization almost within two decades, cannot be better characterized than by quoting Marquis Ito to show the attitude the statesmen of the country take toward modernization. He said: "Nothing has been accomplished in comparison with what has to be done in Japan. The mind of the nation has not yet been civilized. The people have not the business instinct. Everything of old Japan must be uprooted." Japanese civilization is being based, not so much upon the introduction of Western civilization as upon the destruction of indigenous civilization.

The American Asiatic Association of Japan, with headquarters at Yokohama, is an organization having for its objects, to foster and safeguard the commercial and other interests of America in Japan, the social union of the members, gathering and distributing information and co-operating with the American Asiatic Association of New York. The officers elected October 24 are: President, N. F. Smith; Vice-President, B. C. Howard; Secretary, G. H. Scidmore; Treasurer, W. L. Merriman; Executive Committee, J. W.. Copmann, E. S. Booth, G. W. Bramhall, F. H. Ziegfeld, D. H. Blake, E. W. Frazer and J. H. Jewett.

Jews and the Zionist movement.

The members of the Hebrew race who have settled in the United States of America have become, especially during the last twenty years, an important factor in the development of the country. The population is somewhat over one million. In New York alone there are 584,788 Jews, and they are to be found in nearly every State of the Union. Jewish money assisted Columbus to make his famous expedition, and since that time the Jews have become an integral part of the States, assisting in the development of its commerce, industry and arts. Jews have been statesmen, politicians, soldiers and men of business, and the new arrivals to these shores speedily become acclimatized to the condition of things prevailing here.

I. L. BRIL, of the Jewish World.

The majority of Jews who have settled here come from countries where persecution has been rife, and have taken full advantage of the freedom vouchsafed to them under our liberty-breathing Constitution. Up to 1882 the Hebrew was mainly represented by those coming from Germany, where many had fought for the struggle for freedom in 1848, and had fled from their native country to escape political persecution. The majority, however, have come, since that date, as a result of the Russian persecutions.

These two sections of the Jewish people, German and Russo-Polish, have hitherto kept, and still to some extent, hold aloof from each other. The German Jew was responsible for the extreme reform movement which was, and is, distasteful to the Jew coming from Eastern Europe. The union of forces which is so evident among the Jewish communities in other countries, does not exist in the United States. The teachings of the one do not harmonize with the teachings of the other, and whilst the Russian, Roumanian and Galician Jews will, as time goes on, become impregnated with the free atmosphere of the United States, they still cling to Judaism as taught to them in the old countries. The German Jew, on the other hand, goes the full length of extreme reform. There are districts in this country where Jews hardly remember that they are Jews. And the new settlers from Russia find it hard to work in unison with the older settlers. There is a constant conflict of ideas between these two branches of the Jewish family, but with the constant stream of conservative men and women, the dominion in Jewish affairs is slowly but surely passing into the wisest hands. Zangwill has said that the future of Judaism in this country lies in the reawaking of a spirit of conservatism, and present events seem to tend toward this end. In New York, which is the largest Jewish centre in the world, those who have become alarmed at the laxity displayed by the second generation (thoroughly American), are about to take steps to remedy the existing state of affairs. Even the reformers have evinced some anxiety as to how far the offspring of the older people are interpreting the older teaching.

On the other hand, little respect is shown for strictly orthodox rabbis, who are out of sympathy with the ideas which are bound to be inculcated in a country like the United States. There is now a tendency to combine both schools by creating a conservative element. It has been recognized that a means must be chosen in order to preserve something of the Jewish traditions, at the same time adapting them to conditions prevailing here.

That the strictly orthodox rabbis realize this is shown by the fact of their meeting in convention in New York for the purpose of discussing ways and means which would enable them to put their house in order. They, as well as those holding different views, recognized the necessity that only organization could solve the problem. In no country in the world is there such a lack of combined effort on religious matters as exists among the Jews of the United States. It is too early yet to say whether this Jewish renaissance will be of a permanent character. The step has been a right one, and the next few years will show whether the new leaders have profited by the lessons of the past.

Politically the Jew, especially in New York, has made his influence felt. The large proportion of Jewish voters in a city like New York, has made it imperative for those seeking political honors to pay regard to the wishes and desires of the new citizens. In Eastern Europe the rank and file of the Jewish people have little, or next to no political freedom. Their wishes are disregarded, they are governed and must expect of the governing classes nothing but what they are pleased to give them. Arriving on these shores, they meet conditions which are absolutely different to those they have been accustomed to experience. They suddenly find themselves treated as men whose voice in public affairs must be heard. The great difficulty has been to teach these new arrivals a right conception of their newly acquired duties. They had not been used to this kind of free citizenship, and the many agencies at work, both in New York and in other large Jewish centres, are accomplishing a great deal in inculcating right and proper ideas of citizenship. Too much cannot be expected of the older generation; but the younger generation, who are brought up here, soon see the difference between the country of their parents and this land of freedom, and, naturally, they evince a great interest in public affairs, the majority of them desiring to work only for the welfare of their new country.

Among the forces for good are the great fraternal orders and many similar beneficial societies which exist in every Jewish community. The Independent Order Bnai Brith, the most important, not only cares

AND Atlas

During the Rouin distress. for its own members, but also aids those Jewish non-members who are manian immigration movement, the Order distributed in about three hundred towns and cities in this country nearly 3,000 Roumanian Jews who had come to America in order to escape the persecution to which During the course of the last year the they were subjected in their native land. The Order maintains homes for the aged and orphan, and substantially assists the National Jewish Hospital for Consumptives. Order took up the question of relieving the congestion on the lower East Side of New York City, and also of interesting the immigrants with a view to their becoming good citizens. The other orders have satisfied themselves, mainly, in supporting their members.

The sixth Summer Assembly of the
Educationally, much progress is to be reported for the year 1902.
Of no little interest was the opening of
Jewish Chautauqua was held in Atlantic City, N. J., in July, when matters relating to the training of the
young, and various phases of philanthropic work were discussed.
the Jewish Theological Seminary, which has for its object the training of Jewish conservative rabbis, minis-
ters and teachers. Owing to the munificence of Messrs. J. H. Schiff, Guggenheimer and the late Leonard
This institution was
Lewisohn, the Seminary began its work fully endowed and installed in a building, near Columbia Univer-
The principal of the Seminary is Professor Dr. S. Schechter,
sity, worthy of the work to be accomplished.

who was formerly the Reader in Rabbinic in the University of Cambridge, England.
originally founded by the late Rev. Dr. Fabbato Morais as a protest, as it were, against the Hebrew Union
College at Cincinnati instituted by the late Dr. Wise, the organizer of the reform movement in this country.

In the labor movement there is very little to chronicle. It is the most difficult matter in the world to organize the Russian, Roumanian and Galician Jews, who have little knowledge of organization and cannot appreciate its value. The unions, however, are making steady progress, and while nothing of a startling character has been accomplished, the work of organization is gradually, but surely, continuing. The only event has been the annual tailors' strike, and this was settled by arbitration.

The fact that the children of the immigrants, all the young men and women, speedily become acclimatized has called forth the necessity of addressing them in the English language, and the great Yiddish dailies have thought it wise to have a page printed in the vernacular so as to be better able to influence the younger people, for the great problem has been, and still is, to Americanize the immigrants as speedily as possible, and the principal men among the Jews have considered means whereby the Ghetto can be broken up. They view the congestion in large cities like New York, Philadelphia and Chicago with no little conThe economic, social and moral conditions of these large centres do not, in every case tend toward good citizenship. Moreover, they retard in a very great measure, acclimatization of those who have only recently arrived here. The independent Order Bnai Brith in New York finds employment for, and assists those who are willing to go to other States in the Union, and the work of dissemination is now being assisted by the Jewish Colonization Association, founded by the late Baron Hirsch, the directors of which have instructed their representatives in this country to help those agencies engaged in this work.

cern.

This practically sums up the activity of the Jews during the year 1902. That the Jew in this country has a great future before him cannot be gainsaid. It is only a matter of organization. Dr. Schechter, in a memorable interview, has deprecated the lack of organizing capabilities of those coming from Eastern Europe; but the conditions under which these people have been compelled against their own will to live, To-day the tendency is upward, for nearly every one arriving on these shores makes must not be forgotten. up his mind to strive hard in order to attain the highest possible success. The Jew makes a good citizen, even in those countries where he is persecuted; he has shown that he understands good citizenship, and that only leaders are needed to guide the masses in the right direction.

Here they find everything different, and they What the Jews lack here, therefore, is a guiding force. They have been accustomed, abroad, to see two or three men lead and shape a policy for them to follow. have neither the time nor the means to effect a permanent organization. Moreover, the sudden change from the Pale of Settlement and the chronic Ghettos of the Old World to absolute freedom and liberty of conscience in the New World sometimes causes those who undergo these new experiences to jump from one extreme to the other.

It is only a matter of time, however, when things will rectify themselves and the balance is restored. The Statue of Liberty attracts more in the hope that they will be able to live better and happier lives on this side of the Atlantic than does the fact that economic conditions are more favorable here than in the The chasm between the old and the new settlers is also being slowly but surely places whence they came. bridged over. There is now a general desire to work in harmony, and the year 1903 may witness even greater activity in everything that will tend toward promoting the welfare of the Jews in the United States of America.

THE ZIONIST MOVEMENT.-Since the dispersion of the Jewish people 1832 years ago, the dream of It was not until the year 1882, howonce more re-settling in Palestine has been a vivid one, and from time to time there have arisen men who desired to lead the Jewish people back to the land of their forefathers. ever, that any definite steps were taken to re-people Palestine with Jews, but the persecutions in Russia and Roumania at last drew the attention of those who could not and would not assimilate, to the Holy Land. Young men and women gave up their academic careers, left behind them flourishing businesses, and set out These people, who had been accustomed for the land which had lain barren for centuries, with a view to transforming it into a veritable garden. The history of the colonization movement is full of romance. to every possible comfort, to a life of ease, went out to work the plow, the scythe, the hoe and the pruning book. The difficulties were many, and in 1884 Baron Edmond Rothschild, of Paris, decided to assist the colonists by advancing them money and supplying them with all necessary implements. Colony after colony was thus called into existence, and it was thought that the dream of many ages was at last to be realized. In 1896, however, The work went slowly on, but administrative ignorance and the fact that the head was far away from the scene of operations, did not cause the colonies to flourish as successfully as they might have otherwise done. There are now in Palestine about thirty colonies in a more or less flourishing condition. Dr. Theodore Herzl, then unknown to the mass of Jews, came forward the whole idea underwent a change. with a proposal to acquire Palestine by purchase from the Sultan and to establish there those Jews who desired to return. For this purpose he convened, in connection with Dr. Max Nordau, a congress, in August, 1897, at Basle, Switzerland, which was attended by four hundred delegates, coming from every portion of the globe, and, at this time, it was decided to secure "a legally recognized and properly safeguarded home for Since then five similar congresses have been held. the Jewish people in Palestine."

Dr. The Jewish Colonial Trust, the financial instrument of the Zionist movement, was called into existence in 1898, and, up to date, nearly $2,500,000 have been subscribed by the adherents of the movement. Herzl, who naturally became the leader, has conducted negotiations with the Sultan of Turkey, and, although His Majesty has not seen his way to grant the full concessions asked for, he has expressed a symThe leaders, therefore, express the opinion that it is only a matter of time when pathy with the movement. they will be able to gain their ends.

There are affiliated to the Federation Professor Richard Gottheil, of Columbia The movement has gained a strong foothold in the United States. of American Zionists 245 societies, representing 15,000 members. University. is the president, and Mr. J. de Haas, who is also editor of the official organ, "The Maccabaean," is the secretary.

In England the English The movement has made the most rapid strides in Russia, however, and the Russian Government, for the first time, allowed a public conference to be held in Minsk in September last. Zionist Federation accounts about ninety subordinate societies, and the headquarters of the Jewish Colonial Societies have also been formed in Morocco, Siberia, Algeria, Australia, New Zealand Trust are in London. An important conference was held in October in Vienna for the purpose of deciding and South Africa. what steps should be taken with a view to considering the proposals of the Sultan.

The movement all over the world has at least 500,000 contributing adherents, and there is evidence that the number is still increasing. The followers of Dr. Herzl are enthusiastic and are prepared to make every sacrifice to attain their object.

The figures are the most accurate obtainThe following table was prepared by Mr. Brill, the writer of the articles which precede, and the statistics were collected by him especially for The American Almanac. able, and while those for population are given in round numbers, they are as nearly exact as possible.

It

will be noticed that the largest number of Jews are found in the States where are the largest commercial centres. The agricultural and mining States show the smallest relative population.

The total of these figures show that there are in the United States 1,287,650 Jews, 1,059 organized and officially recognized Synagogues, 511 Charities, 1,010 Lodges and Beneficial Societies, and 45 Newspapers. The total income of all institutions, including clubs and educational organizations, amounts to about $4,000,000 per annum.

Kansas.

Capital:
TOPEKA.

The present State of Kansas was included in the Louisiana purchase of 1803 and in 1854 was organized as a Territory, Congress leaving the question of slavery to the decision of the inhabitants. A large immigration from Northern and Eastern States took place and as many of these came from free States, there was much opposition on the part of those settlers from Missouri who had moved into the new Territory and brought their slaves with them. The contest between the two parties resulted in rioting and bloodshed and gained for the Territory the name of "Bleeding Kansas." It was not until 1861, when Kansas was made a State and a non-slavery constitution had been adopted, that peace was assured. During the first years of the Civil War the eastern part

of the State suffered much from irregular warfare carried on by Confederate raiders from Missouri and Arkansas and the Unionists who opposed them. Kansas has an area of 82,080 square miles, and in 1901 its population was estimated at 1,477,000. Agriculture and stock raising are the leading pursuits of the State, though manufacturing and mechanical industries have increased largely in the past few years. The relative importance of the industries are dependent upon the relative value of the agricultural products.

Extensive stock raising makes the manufacture of meat products of chief importance, and Kansas City is the second largest meat packing city in the country. Soap and candles are largely manufactured from what would otherwise be waste products, and the factory manufacture of butter, cheese and condensed milk is also allied to stock raising.

Flour and grist mill products rank second in importance, though in this line the increase has not kept pace with the extension of wheat culture. The wheat crop of Kansas in 1900 equalled about 3.3 per cent of the entire wheat crop of the this was ground within the State, to compete with the larger mills in high from manufacturing centres.

The smelting and refining of portant industries of the State withence of zinc ores in the same local oil and gas fields of Southern Kan

The Legislature of 1901 spent the Ballot law and in formulating the marking of a cross opposite the tute voting the straight ticket, it on the ticket. The new law made either a straight ticket by marking viduals irrespective of party if so

The principal effect of the new sion ticket impossible. A political an appellation consisting of more De party," or from taking an appellation belonging to any other office was prohibited from accept political party. Any candidate who his will might be voted for, but candidate's name on the ballot.

An act much like one passed in pointment of a director of free em every city of over 2,000 inhabitants tained a free employment bureau laborers. The State Director was rural districts lists of the number

world. Only about 24 per cent of because the small mills were unable other States and freight rates were zinc has become one of the imin a few years, owing to the presity with cheap fuel, the bituminous sas furnishing an unlimited supply. much of its time in discussion of changes in it. As the law stood, name of the party did not constibeing necessary to mark each name it possible for electors to vote a single cross, or to vote for indidesired.

law, however, was to make a fuparty was enjoined from choosing than two words, one of which must appellation, emblem or part of an political party, and a candidate for ing nominations from more than one was nominated by two parties against only by the elector writing this Connecticut provided for the apployment, who should see that in there was established and mainfor bringing together employers and especially ordered to secure from of extra laborers needed during har

vest season and to fill this demand as far as possible, and in general to provide employment for any laborer seeking it.

Managers of all mercantile establishments, stores, hotels and restaurants were required to furnish seats for their women employes and to permit the women to use them when not actively employed at their work. An act providing for the safety, comfort and health of employes in mines provided that all abandoned or worked-out parts of operated mines should be blocked off from the operated portions.

An act provided for the appointment of a State Board of Medical Registration and Examination which should issue certificates permitting applicants to practise, provided only that they had been graduated from a medical school of recognized standing, as determined by the Board, or had studied medicine for four years and passed an examination satisfactory to the Board. Graduates of a legally chartered school of osteopathy might be permitted to practise, and the act further specifically permitted Christian Scientists to practise, asserting that "nothing in this act shall be construed as interfering with any religious beliefs in the treatment of diseases, providing that quarantine regulations relating to contagious diseases be not interfered with."

A Commission of five was appointed to supervise the Kansas exhibit at St. Louis in 1903, and $75,000 was appropriated for this purpose. An appropriation of $10,000 was made to be used by June 30, 1903, in paying a bounty of $1 a ton on sugar beets raised within the State.

As a result of the Carrie Nation crusade it was attempted to make the liquor laws of the State more stringent. Several sections were added to the already extensive liquor laws, providing that if appeal were taken from the decision of a court declaring that a saloonkeeper's liquors and paraphernalia were forfeited to the State because he had kept a common nuisance" contrary to law, the appealing party must file a bond as surety that the appeal would be promptly taken. Leases were to be void when entered into to maintain a nuisance. In all prosecutions it should be considered prima facie evidence against the accused if he should be found to have fitted up a bar and to have there a United States Internal Revenue stamp.

Kansas gave the Republicans an overwhelming majority in the State Legislature at the election in November, gaining a Federal Senator and Congressman for this party. The new ballot law, the fourth in as many elections, caused some trouble among those unable to understand its complications, which resulted in invalidating almost 10 per cent of the votes cast. Neither party saw grounds to charge fraud, the Republican victory being so complete. The Populist vote, without a candidate, turned generally to the Republican nominees. The fight for the Senate became very warm almost immediately after the election results were announced. Senator Harris retires in March and three candidates appeared for the office; Congressman Long, Congressman Curtis and former Governor Stanley. The Legislature meets in January, when the choice will be made. It is expected that Senator Harris will be pushed for appointment as Democratic member of the Isthmian Canal Commission.

Kansas City, Kan., was visited by a severe storm in August and more than 200 dwellings and business houses were damaged. The Masonic Temple and two school buildings were unroofed and the steeple of one Methodist church was blown down. Electric light, telephone and telegraph services were interfered with.

Kentucky.

Capital:
FRANKFORT.

The earliest exploration of Kentucky was made by John Finley and several companions from North Carolina in 1767. In 1769 Daniel Boone, Finley and others visited the region, and in 1770 Colonel James Knox made extensive explorations. The fort at Boonesborough was built in 1775, and in the same year Daniel Boone concluded a treaty with the Cherokees by which Kentucky was sold to Colonel Richard Henderson and his colony. In 1776 Kentucky was made a part of Virginia, and in 1783 was formed into one district, and seven years later was made a Territory. It was admitted to the Union June 1, 1792. Its area is 40,400 square miles, and the estimated population in 1901 was 2,179,000.

The manufactures of Kentucky depend largely upon her natural resources and the facilities afforded by the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, which furnish connections with the great river systems of the central valley of the United States, and to numerous railroads. Tobacco, corn and wheat irou mines and abundant water for manufacturing.

Tobacco is the principal product largest leaf tobacco market in the valued at $21,922,111, or 14.2 per ucts of the State.

Next in importance are flour and trade in these having recently manufacture of distilled and malt head of the list and is first in the There are two extensive coal mines iron ore are found, but until re ties has prevented their extensive

Kentucky has long been famous this industry has not declined dur

Nothing has attracted inore at States in recent years than did the E. Goebel. Democratic contestant ary 30, 1900, while standing in Frankfort. and died February 3. of State, James Howard and others murderers or accessories to the mur

fields, hard wood forests, coal and power offer unusual opportunities

of the State, Louisville being the world. In 1900 the product was cent of the value of the total prodgrist mill products. the export reached large proportions. In the liquers Kentucky stands near the manufacture of corn whiskey. in the State, and large deposits of cently lack of transportation facilidevelopment.

for the breeding of fine horses, and ing the past years.

tention throughout the United murder of State Senator William for Governor. He was shot Janufront of the Capitol building in Caleb Powers, Republican Secretary were accused of being either ris der.

year Howard was found guilty of sentenced to be banged. Powers found guilty of being an accessory life imprisonment. Appeals were trials were granted both. Powers tried again and again sentenced to was tried in January, 1902, and

On September 26 of the same having fired the fatal shot and was was tried, and on August 18 was to the crime and was sentenced to taken, and on March 27, 1901, new was reindicted by the Grand Jury. life imprisonment. James Howard was again convicted of murder, his sentence being changed to life imprisonment. Both Powers and Howard asked for new trials, and the petitions are now pending before the Court of Appeals (October, 1902).

Gov. J. W. O. Beckham.

Gerry Howard, a brother of James, and accused of being also an accessory before the fact, was acquitted April 23, 1902, making the second acquittal in the case, the other being that of Garnett Ripley, who was tried in April, 1901. Henry Youtsey, another charged with being an accessory, accepted life imprisonment on his first trial.

Ex-Governor W. S. Taylor, Republican, was indicted as an accessory and fled to Indiana. Governor Durbin refused to honor the requisition of Governor Blackburn, of Kentucky, for ex-Governor Taylor and ex-Secretary of State Finley, on the grounds that the conditions in Kentucky were not such as to warrant him in believing that the men would receive a fair trial if returned.

The Democrats elected 10 out of 11 Congressmen in Kentucky, and 4 Judges of the Court of Appeals at the November elections, securing control of the court by 5 to 2. It had formerly stood Republican by 4 to 3. The change in the complexion of the Court of Appeals tended to have a peculiar effect in the motion to make Judge Field's injunction against the Corbett-McGovern fight perpetual. The arguments were begun before Judge Toney, the attorneys for the athletic club taking the grounds that Judge Field had no jurisdiction. A ruling in favor of the athletic club by Judge Toney puts the burden of the decision on the Court of Appeals, and it having changed in personnel since the former decision was made, would allow those interested in the fight some hope of success.

Another case for the decision of the new Court of Appeals is in regard to the removal of H. C. Ganter as manager of the Mammoth Cave, and the appointment of W. Scott Miller, Jr., of Louisville, to the position. There had been dissatisfaction shown by a majority of trustees at the Ganter management, and Judge Settle, of the Circuit Court, was petitioned to issue a writ of mandamus compelling Mr. Ganter's removal. This Judge Settle refused to do until the death of one of the trustees caused another petition to be presented. Then the Judge reversed his own decision and granted the writ. The Court of Appeals has been called upon to decide which decision of the Judge should be accepted.

A new lease for the cave was given in June to W. Scott Miller, to whom the management of the Mammoth Cave Hotel was given. According to the will of Dr. John Croghan, the original owner of the cave, the hotel and the land on which it is situated must be conducted separately from the cave proper, an agent being appointed for the care of the cave.

Korea.

Capital:
SEOUL.

The people of the peninsula of Korea, numbering about 8,000,000, are mainly of Mongolian stock. One often meets with people whose faces are almost English. Women are not much esteemed, but enjoy considerable freedom, and it is only among the upper classes that they are kept in seclusion. They have a strong affection for their children and filial piety is held in the highest estimation. If the father is sick the son must attend him, if he is in prison the son must be close at hand. On the death of the father the eldest son becomes the head of the family. The houses in Korea are of one story only, flimsily built of wood, clay and rice straw, usually covered with thatch and very badly provided with windows. There are no beds and no chairs.

The reigning monarch, Heul Yi, who succeeded to the throne in 1864, is reckoned as the thirtieth in succession since the founding of the present dynasty in 1392. Up to the declaration of war by Japan upon