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flag for advertising purposes was prohibited. Congress was appealed to under article five of the Constitution, to call a convention to propose an amendment providing for the direct election of United States Senators.

The Democratic State convention met July 31, 1902, adopted a platform which was devoted almost entirely to State issues, the only mention of national issues being an indorsement of the election of United States Senators directly by the people. George H. Durand, a gold Democrat, was nominated for Governor. Mr. Durand was not accepted by the Democratic Central Committee, and declined the nomination. In his place his brother, L. T. Durand, of Saginaw, was chosen.

The Republican State convention was held on June 26. The platform adopted indorsed President Roosevelt and his administration, and especially the conduct of affairs in the Philippines.

Minnesota.

Capital: MINNEAPOLIS.

As early as 1680 Hennepin and La Salle penetrated the wilds of what is now the State of Minnesota, and they were followed by La Hontan and Le Sueur, who established a small trade with the Indians, but attempted no settlements. Early in the nineteenth century the region was thoroughly explored by Pike, Long, Keating and others, and in 1812 the United States assumed authority within the present limits of the State. In 1819 the military post of Fort Snelling was established, and in 1837 Humbering operations were begun along the St. Croix River on a small tract of land obtained from the Indians. On March 3, 1849, Minnesota was made a Territory of the United States, and was admitted to Statehood May 11, 1858. Minnesota has an area of 83,365 square

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miles, and the population in 1901 was estimated to be 1,799,000. The development of Minnesota manufactures has been due largely to the immense tracts of white and Norway pine, to the extensive wheat fields and to the State's favorable position for the transportation of products. According to the census of 1900 there has been no marked growth in manufactures in the State. The most important industry is flour and grist mill products, this State leading all others in the value of these products. The rapid development of this industry has been due largely to the introduction of a process whereby the hard outer covering of Spring wheat raised in Minnesota can be separated from the kernel. Minneapolis is the centre of the flour mill industry, the Falls River, being utilized for power.

The second industry of import merchantable forest pine in Minne other State. The timber country streams, most of them connected rivers, making transportation easy Paul and Minneapolis for the hand meat packing and the kindred in ing of much importance. Due is the importance of the manfacture The Legislature of 1901 passed and divorce that are of general in subject provided that persons should months after having been divorced, advertisements by attorneys offering ness to that end. By another law five and any man of any age, un forty-five, was prohibited from mar feeble minded or insane. Another not be liable for her husband's debts beyond those contracted for band and wife should be jointly necessary household articles and

of St. Anthony, on the Mississippi

ance is lumbering, the quantity of sota being greater than that in any contains many small lakes and with the St. Louis and Cloquet and cheap. The facilities of St. ling of cattle make slaughtering and dustries of butter and cheese makgreatly to the extensive grain fields of malt liquors.

several laws regarding marriage terest. One law passed on this not marry in Minnesota within six and prohibited the publication of to secure divorces or soliciting busiany woman under the age of fortyless he married a woman over rying if he or she were epileptic, law provided that a woman should debts, nor a man for his wife's necessities; but provided that husliable when living together for all supplies.

the Minnesota Congressmen to vote margarine bill in Congress, and an in Minnesota of oleomargarine or ored to imitate butter. Cities of ized to establish free employment agement.

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A resolution was passed urging for the passage of the Grout Oleo act was passed prohibiting the sale any oleagenous substance when col over 50,000 inhabitants were author bureaus to be under municipal man The Primary Election law of 1899 was extended in 1901 to cover the entire State. Only country and city officials are nominated at primary elections, however, State officers being nominated in conventions.

Samuel R. Van Sant.

A law was passed prohibiting any person under twenty-one years of age from playing pool or billiards in any saloon or room adjacent to a saloon, or in any restaurant or public place where tobacco in any form, confectionery or drinks except water are sold or given away. Two memorials were presented to Congress, one asking for direct election of United States Senators and the other for additional powers to be conferred upon Congress for the regulation of trusts.

The Republican State Convention, which met on July 1, 1902, adopted a platform indorsing President Roosevelt and his Administration. The Democratic State Convention was held June 25. Its platform declares allegiance to the principles of Democracy as taught by Jefferson and reaffirmed by the latest national convention of the party, approves of the withdrawal of troops from Cuba, condemns the Administration's policy in the Philippines and opposes protective tariff. It also favors the direct election of United States Senators.

Missionary Achievements During 1902

Annual reports presented in 1902 to the several missionary organizations representing the Protestant churches of America were marked in every instance by records of evident progress in the foreign fields occupied. These churches raise great sums every year for the support of missions in lands where there exists only a limited knowledge, if any, concerning the Christian religion. They are represented by an army of preachers, teachers and physiclans, the force in the field including a large proportion of women. some of whom are the wives of the missionaries, while there is a numerous contingent of single women engaged in school work, hospital service, and even in the practice of medicine. In some lands the work, which has been going on for generations, has advanced so far that the native helpers, many of whom have been ordained to the ministry, far outnumber their American fellow-workers. In every land the native Christians are contributors both to the support of their own churches, schools and other institutions, and to the funds annually raised for the maintenance and extension of missionary effort. Every year is marked by an increase in the number of organized native churches, and in the number of such churches which have become self-supporting.

One of the noteworthy features in all the reports is the evidence of recovery from the effects of the terrible "Boxer" uprising in China during the year 1900. The missions in that country have been rehabilitated, the work is being prosecuted with renewed and increased earnestness, and it is being met by a most encour

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According to some of the reports the return of the which was extremely auspicious for the resumption with the Methodists, whose general word from the Notable additions to their church membership are

aging responsiveness on the part of the Chinese people. missionaries was attended by a hearty spirit of welcome of effort in this vast field. This was especially the case missionary field is pervaded by a general note of cheer. reported from all their missions, and note is made of the satisfactory fact that self-support is making great advances. Japan is one of their most satisfaction in the prospects of ad earnest revivals; and the work is

The Congregational Church, of Commissioners for Foreign Mis eral advance notice of the progress of missions. The Board perceives a call the conditions now existing there; and and India. Its European missions, fertile fields. The only discourage Turkey, always a source of anxiety.

In the missions of the Presbyte quiet growth and uninterrupted ex made accessions to their membership history of the mission board. In the port says: "One of the foremost mission field during the year has been Christian Union.' And considerable matters indicating this pleasing de

The Baptist Missionary Union re occupied, and the work going on well. efforts in Japan also, while the re that the year was one of gratifying The Protestant Episcopal mis the annual report, and this church is phatic encouragement in the restored of its recent work there are spoken missionary fields of the Protestant Episcopal Church are Japan and noteworthy progress.

encouraging missions: Korea affords
vance: India has been stirred by
making excellent progress.
working through the American Board
sions, includes in its report of gen-
school work in all of its many
for advance in China, presented in
it chronicles a good year in Japan
and those in Mexico, have proved
ment expressed is over the work in

rian churches the year was one of
pansion. The native churches have
to an extent unequalled in the past
general review of the work the re-
features of encouragement in the
the development of the spirit of
space is devoted to an account of
velopment.

ports all its stations in China reIt reports prosperity attending its ports from other missions all indicate results.

sions make an excellent showing in one of those which has met with emorder existing in China. The results of as triumphs. The other strictly Africa, in both of which it is making

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Japan affords most cause for congratulation to the Mission Board of the Reformed Church, the outlook in that country increasing constantly in hopefulness. Renewed interest is reported in China. While India does not show such progress for the missions of this church as they are making in China and Japan, the advance there affords encouragement. One feature in the report of this board possesses especial interest in view of the fact that there is a continual plaint in the annual proceedings of the great missionary organizations because of the invariable excess of necessary expenditures over the available funds. It is seldom that one of these organizations closes its yearly accounts without having a large balance on the wrong side of the ledger.

It is estimated that the sum raised annually by English-speaking people for the support of missionary work in foreign fields is about $22,000,000. This vast sum is made up mainly of contributions given from time to time by congregations, and in individual donations. Bequests received in any given year, unless devised to be held as permanent funds or otherwise placed under restriction, are usually expended in the work of the year. Notwithstanding the magnitude of the amounts realized, and the considerable volume of income for invested funds, the missionary organizations find that their income is seldom equal to the demands upon it. In view of this fact, the Protestant Episcopal Churches inaugurated a movement toward the close of the year 1902 to stimulate the interest of churchmen in the cause of missions, with a view to securing larger contributions for their support.

A special demand upon the generosity of friends of missionary endeavor was created during the year by the unusual incident of the capture of a female missionary by brigands, and the necessity for raising funds with which to pay the ransom demanded. Miss Ellen M. Stone, of Boston, Mass., a missionary of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, was passing with a party through the Balkan Mountains in September, 1901, and with Mrs. Tsilka, one of her associates, and a few other companions, dropped behind their escort. They were surrounded by a party of armed men, who compelled Miss Stone and Mrs. Tsilka to go with them. Eventually the brigands made it known that they wanted a ransom of $110,000 for Miss Stone, and that if the money were not forthcoming before October 8, 1901, they would put her to death. The date was several times postponed, and in the meantime the United States Government interested itself in the matter through its diplomatic machinery, while the Turkish and Bulgarian governments made ineffectual efforts to capture the brigands, although the troops kept them constantly in motion. The amount demanded could not be raised, one reason being the unwillingness of the American Board to exert itself in this direction because of the principle involved, namely, that to pay a ransom would be to put a premium upon such deeds. Popular sentiment, however, was not affected by this view of the matter, and although money was subscribed slowly the sum of $75,000 was finally raised. The brigands, besides refraining from the execution of their threat against Miss Stone, modified their demand for ransom to the extent of expressing willingness to accept what could be raised, and the women were released in March, 1902, after a captivity of about six months. During this period they were treated with kindness and consideration by the brigands, and Mrs. Tsilka, who became a mother about the first of January, was given all the care that was possible. The $75,000 which had been raised was paid under conditions imposed by the brigands who, true to their agreement, surrendered the women and the baby in due time to friends who had been deputed to meet them.

Six of the Protestant denominations in the United States are engaged in missionary work in foreign lands. Their respective organizations for this branch of their effort at Christianizing the world are the American Baptist Missionary Union; the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (Congregational); the Board of Foreign Missions of the Reformed Church in America: the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the Protestant Episcopal Church; the Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, and the Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The statistics of their work are presented in the table, which follows:

Societies.

478 3,325 1,003] 111,650 172,780 1,473 $107.107) $464,460,56 $660,150.91 544 3.483] 505 50,892 143,688 1,152 147,879| 24 117 584 268

A. B. M. U.

99

A. B. C. F. M.

20

97

B. F. M., R. C. A.

5

D. F. M S., P. E. C.

3

B. F. M., P. C.

12

118

109 674

43 4,932
51 4,693 8.726

23 14,548
32

19

30 1,918 717 6.152|

M. S.. M. E. C..

658,463.71 799,712.28 101,910.15 115,646.00 278,765.63) 1,029,333,86 1,097,635.94 109,131 164,808 1,197 509,032 5,992,198.00)

* Both of these organizations are engaged very largely in domestic as well as in foreign missions, and the proportion of general expense for each branch of the work is not specified.

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Mississippi.

Capital:
JACKSON.

De Soto and his companions were the first Europeans to traverse the territory now within the bounds of Mississippi. They made no settlements, and the death of the leader in 1542 put an end to the expedition. In 1682 La Salle descended the Mississippi River and took possession of the adjacent country and called it Louisiana, in honor of the King of France. In 1716 Fort Rosalie was erected on the site of Natchez. The colony grew slowly, and New Orleans, founded soon after, attracted many of the settlers. The Territory of Mississippi was formed by an act of Congress April 7, 1798, and was admitted as a State with the present boundaries in 1817.

Mississippi has an area of 48,810 square miles, and in 1901 its estimated population was

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1,578,000. Although an agricultural State, its manufacturing and mechanical industries have increased to some extent in recent years, the most important being the lumber and timber industry. Lack of capital, of water power and good harbors have prevented the State reaching the manufacturing prominence it might otherwise have attained. The forests of Mississippi constitute the most valuable natural resource, though but little long-leaf pine remains along the coast. The rolling pine lands of the interfor have been

but little exploited, and these contain about 8,000,000 acres.

The increase in the lumber and timber industry in the decade ending 1900, was, according to the census, 171.3 per cent, the total value of the product in that year being $15,656,110, or 38.7 per cent of the total value of the products of the State. While much of these was timber for building purposes, a great deal was used in the manufacture of cheap furniture, and for boat building and fitting.

The manufacture of cottonseed oil and cake has increased rapidly during the past five years, and this industry ranks as second in the the important industries, while the ranks fourth. The alluvial lands of high water produce some of the Much of the cotton land along the which employs convict labor on the ing convicts has proved a great suc $150,000. The plan meets with eral counties are adopting a like amount raised on these farms is and there has been no complaint

The Legislature at the session law much like that in use in sev differing in some particulars. The party nominations shall be made at for conventions of those parties maries. Candidates are nominated and, as is the case in South Caro usually equivalent to an election. Ninth District Court in June, 1902, A writ of mandamus was asked, cratic Executive Committee of Issa issuing a call for a convention, and tion instead. The court decided in writ.

Gov. A. H. Longino.

State. Cotton ginning is also among production of turpentine and rosin along the rivers beyond the reach finest cotton grown in the South. Yazoo delta is owned by the State, large farms. The system of workcess, the profits for 1901 being about popular favor in the State, and sevsystem for county convicts. The not large enough to affect the price, from farmers.

of 1902 passed a general primary eral of the Southern States, but law requires, in brief, that all primaries, and leaves no provisions numerically too weak to hold priby the direct vote of the people, lina, the primary nomination is A test case was brought before the to determine the status of the law. directed against the State Demoquena County, prohibiting it from ordering it to call a primary elec. favor of the law and issued the with general approval, and the that it makes no provision for the been decided that no committee, ized to speak for the people, either or in enunciating party principles.

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The primary system has met only difficulty in it seems to be adoption of a platform. It has convention or body of men is author In the way of naming a candidate This will be done altogether by the people, and the selection of a candidate will mean the approval of the particular views of the successful man. The people can shelve a platform or throw overboard an objectionable plank without the slightest difficulty.

The three important candidates in the field for Gubernatorial nomination in 1902 had each a pet platform on which he was running. Senator Noel, the author of the law, made his campaign on this issue, and his success would naturally be followed by an extension of the idea that all political power should come directly from the people. Editor Vardaman entered the race on a platform, the chief plank of which called for a division of the school funds between the whites and negroes on the basis of the taxes paid by each. The adoption of this platform would mean the closing of about nine-tenths of the negro schools. Attorney-General McClurg, another candidate for Governor in 1902, made his campaign on the single issue of the regulation or abolition of trusts in Mississippi.

The only legislation of general interest in 1902 was a change in the liquor laws, providing that incorporated municipalities might grant licenses to sell liquors in from one to five gallon packages.

At the election held in November three Constitutional amendments were put before the people. One, forbidding the Legislature to permit any county, city or town to become a stockholder in any corporation other than a railway company, was passed by a majority of 201. Another, setting a time for the convening of the Legislature was passed, but a third amendment, providing for a form of referendum for future constitutional amendments, was lost.

Missouri.

Capital: JEFFERSON CITY.

The settlement and progress of Missouri were later and less rapid than those of the lower districts of the country originally included in Louisiana, but as early as 1720 its lead mines had attracted attention. In 1755 St. Genevieve was founded. In 1775 St. Louis, originally a depot for fur trade, contained 800 inhabitants. This town was the centre of numerous conflicts between the English and French, the latter claiming the land under a grant from Spain. The general peace of 1783 put an end to hostilities. In the purchase of 1803 Missouri was included in the Territory of Louisiana, with St. Louis as the seat of government. In 1812 it was made a separate Territory, and was admitted to Statehood August 10, 1821, it being the last State to be admitted in which slavery was permitted.

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Missouri has an area of 69,415 square miles, and in 1901 its population was estimated to be 3,153,000. The State has kept pace with her sister States in the growth of manufacturing industries, and shows only a small decrease in some special industries, which have been moved to centres further South and West. Slaughtering and meat packing are the most important industries, and the manufacture of tobacco ranks

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