Larceny, the theft of effects, personal property, horses, cattle, or live stock, or money, of the value of twenty-five dollars or more. Forgery, the utterance of forged papers; the forgery or falsification of official acts of government, of public authorities, or of courts of justice, or the utterance of the thing forged or falsified. Counterfeiting, falsifying or altering of money, whether coin or paper, or of instruments of debt created by national, state, provincial or municipal governments, or of coupons thereof, or of blank notes, or the utterance or circulation of the same; or the counterfeiting, falsifying or altering of seals of state, or the fraudulent use of same. employers. Embezzlement by public officers, embezzlement by persons hired or salaried, to the detriment of their Fraud or breach of trust by a bailee, banker, agent, factor, trustee, or other person acting in a fiduciary capacity, or director or member or officer of any company. Perjury; subornation of perjury. Wilful and unlawful destruction or obstruction of railroads which endangers human life. Crimes committed at sea: (a) Piracy, by statute or by the law of nations. (b) Revolt, or conspiracy to revolt, by two or more persons on board a ship on the high seas against the authority of the master. (c) Wrongfully sinking or destroying a vessel at sea, or attempting to do so. (d) Assaults on board a ship on the high seas with intent to do grievous bodily harm. Crimes and offences against the laws of both countries for the suppression of slavery and slave trading. SUMMARY OF TREATIES. In the following tables the various extradition treaties now in force are summarized. It is impossible to record all of the minute differences between the various treaties. Many of them are made to conform in part to the laws of the countries with which the treaties are perfected, and as the various countries have different ways of looking at certain crimes, there must naturally be a wide difference in the general texts of the treaties. Extradition treaties between the United States and those countries which touch the frontiers, such as Mexico, are more rigid than those with more distant nations, and cover a greater number of offences. Mexico is the only country in which the possession of counterfeiting tools is considered an extraditable offence. Counterfeiting is considered extraditable in all countries with which the United States has, treaties. Murder or attempted murder are also considered grave enough to grant extradition in all the countries. But three countries, Belgium, Mexico and the Netherlands grant extradition for obtaining money by deceit. Ecuador and Great Britain are the only two in which crimes at sea are not extraditable. Burglary is a grave crime in all but five countries, and most countries include shop or office breaking. An accurate general idea of the character of each convention of the United States with a foreign country in regard to extradition may be obtained from the following tabulations: THE EXTRADITION OF CRIMINALS. (Compiled for The American Almanac from "Treaties in Force, 1899," and subsequent treaties provided for this purpose by the State Department.) ZZZZ Obtaining Money by Deceit. Z Procuring Criminal 23 Bigamy. Operation. Argentine R. [Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes † Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Austria Hungary.. Yes Yes Yes No No Baden Bolivia Chili. Yes No No No No No No No Yes No Belgium Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Peru Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Prussia Russia. Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes(g) Salvador. Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Switzerland Turkey .... Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes No Yes Yes (a b) (b) The nations with which the United States now has no treaties of extradition are Brazil, Bulgaria, China, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Greece, Guatemala, Honduras, Korea, Morocco, Paraguay, Persia, Portugal, Roumania, Siam. Uruguay and Venezuela. Notes: Property of value of $200. In excess of $200. Covers criminal assault only. $Includes kidnapping and child stealing. The treaty with Prussia applies to other German states. (a) Receiving goods known to have been dishonorably obtained an extraditable crime. (b) Participation is extraditable. (c) Also kidnapping of minors or adults. (d) Attempts to commit crimes covered by the treaty are also extraditable. (e) Attempts upon the life of a ruler, whatever the purpose of the assault, not to be regarded as a political crime. (f) Most nations include shop or office breaking. (g) Only embezzlement of public moneys. Curkey. Capital. CONSTANTINOPLE. The earliest historical mention however, their name was known throughout the world, for they had reduced such countries as Bulgaria, Macedonia and Thessaly to subjection. and had become rulers over all Western Asia. In 1392 they turned their attention to Europe, and in 1453 captured Constantinople, which has since been their capital. From that day their power was extended with rapidity until it threatened to spread from one end of Europe to the other, but in 1525 Solyman I. suffered his first serious defeat, and, ever since, the glory of the Empire nas waned. Step by step they were driven out of their European territories. Upper Hungary and Transyl vania were abandoned as early as 1595. In 1769 they were expelled from the Crimea, and in 1806 the Russian frontier was still further extended. The success of the Greek war for independence cost them that country, but the greatest blow to Turkish power was the war of 1876, which resulted in the loss of Bulgaria, Thessaly, Eastern Roumelia and a strip of Armenia, as well as the entire independence of Roumania, Servia and Montenegro, and the loss of administration over Bosnia and Herzegovina and Cyprus. Abdul-Hamid II., who was born 15 Shaban, 1245 (September 22, 1842), is the thirty-fourth sovereign of the house of Ottoman. On the deposition of his brother, Sultan Murad V., who was said to be suffering from idiocy, he succeeded to the throne August 31, 1876. It is not the custom for the Sultans of Turkey to contract regular marriages. The harem is a State institution and all children born within its walls are considered legitimate, whether the offspring of free women or of slaves. By the law of succession, which has long been established in Turkey, however, the throne does not descend to the eldest son of the Sultan, but to the senior male descendant of the first Otto man, so that, while the present ruler has several sons, no one of them can inherit the throne if they have uncles or cousins of greater age. The present heir apparent, therefore, is Prince Mohamed-Rechard Effendi, who was born November 3, 1844. He has three children-Prince Zia-Eddine, born 1876; Prince Nedjm, born 1881, and Princess Reji'a, born 1887. Minister of Foreign Affairs, Teoflik douh Pacha; Minister of Public of Public Works and Commerce, Riza Pacha; Minister of Marine, Artillery, Zeky Pacha; Minister of of Justice and Worship, Abdulculture, Mines and Forests, Selim (pious foundations), Ghalib Pacha.. Turkey is the absolute ruler of his word is not in opposition to legislative and executive rest in him in the Grand Vizier and the church. THE MINISTRY.-Grand Vizier, Said Pacha; Sheikh-ul-Islam, Djemal-Eddin Effendi; President of the Council of State, Said Pacha; Pacha; Minister of Interior, Mem Instruction, Djelal Bey; Minister Zihny Pacha; Minister of War, Hassan Pacha; the Grand Master of Finances, Rechad Pacha; Minister Rahman Pacha; Minister of Agri Melhame Pacha; Minister of Evkaf THE NATION.-The sultan of the Ottoman Empire, insomuch as the precepts of the Koran. The the Sultan and are vested under Shiek-ul-Islam, the head of the Mohammedanism is the religion far outnumber all others. Seven recognition. The budget (1898) shows a rev diture of $81,153,341. The public Agriculture is little practised and madder are exported. Silk, ware, tapestry, crome, pigment and ucts. The fisheries and pearl fish The Dependencies. The princi tributary States to the Ottoman by the Treaty of Berlin. By this government and a national militia. by the people and confirmed by sent of the Powers. No member European Powers may be elected. the Sobranje, or one-qhambered Na elected by universal male suffrage and hold for five years. Sultan of Turkey. of the empire, and its adherents other religions are given official enue of $81,893,462 and an expendebt at that time was $726,511,195. in Turkey. Coffee, opium, gums. wine, perfume, brass and copper rare minerals are important proderies are valuable. pality of Bulgaria is one of the Empire. It was created in 1878. document it is given a Christian The Prince of Bulgaria is elected the Sublime Porte, with the conof a reigning house of one of the The legislative power is vested in tional Assembly. The members are The Island of Crete is an autonomous state, subject to the suzerainty of the Porte, but not to tribute. It is under a High Commissioner of the Powers. Its Bule, or Assembly, consists of sixty-four ministers elected every two years. Questions of foreign relations are determined by the representatives of the four powers at Rome. Somos is an island off the coast of Asia Minor, forming a principality under the sovereignty of Turkey, and under the guarantee of Russia, France and Great Britain, of December 11, 1832. It has an area of 180 square miles and a population of 54,800. EVENTS IN 1902.-Turkey's foreign relations were at times strained during the last year. This happened in July, when the $4,200,000 instalment due Russia on the Lorando claim was not paid. Internal affairs were also in a bad shape. The capture of Miss Stone. an American missionary in Bulgaria, by Macedonian brigands, and the long period for which she was held for ransom, seemed to point, in the mind of the outside world, to government connivance, and as much was semi-officially charged. However, the Government disclaimed any such connection, and after a few half-hearted attempts at chastisement of the lawless Bulgarians, finally dropped the matter upon Miss Stone's liberation. The kidnapping of Miss Stone created even more widespread indignation in view of the fact that there have been a large number of similar abductions in the Turkish provinces during the past few years. Although the following list is not complete, it gives some idea of the boldness with which the provincial bandits have been plying their trade since 1880: 1880. Colonel Singe ransomed for $50,000. 1881. Henry Suter ransomed for $60,000. 1884. Richard Dussi, $6,000 paid. 1885 Mrs. Giovenov, $35,000 demanded, $2,000 paid. 1885. Fritz Charmand, $8,000 demanded, $1,500 paid. 1887. R. C. H. Wilkins, $30,000 demanded, $8,000 paid. 1890. Gray Hill, $100,000 demanded, amount paid ununknown. 1891. M. Rayneud, $5,000 paid. 1891. M. Michele, $2,000 paid. 1894. M. Provost, $3,000 paid. 1896. Capt. Marriott, $15,000 demanded, $120 paid. 1896. Mme. Branzian, $50,000 demanded, $10,000 paid. 1901. M. Alphonse, $5,000 demanded, $1,000 paid. Of European importance was the Sultan's irades issued in May, granting to Germany and Italy, in contravention of existing treaties, the right to protect missionaries of their nationalities, a privilege until that time enjoyed solely by France. TURKISH TRIBUTARY STATES. The condition of the tributary states in 1901 were as follows: Bulgaria. Crete.. Somos.. Totals. 453,419 13,825,965 $74,434,883 $72,318,6201 $92,139,235 $95,933,388 In Turkey all Mussulmars over twenty years are subject to military duty, and this liability continues for twenty years. Non-Mohametans are not liable, but must pay an exemption tax, levied on males of all ages. Nomad Arabs, though liable, furnist no recruits, and many nomad Kurds evade service. The whole empire is divided into seven army districts, with as many army corps. The infantry is generally armed with Mauser rifles. The field artillery has been recently reorganized on a plan sanctioned in 1891. There has lately been a rumor that Turkey was about to rebuild her fleet and that propositions has been made to shipbuilding firms in Germany and Great Britain. There is no evidence of real progress, however, and the fleet as it is at present is not worth considering. The crews for the navy are raised partly by conscription and partly by volunteer enlistment. The Turkish provinces, especially those in Asia, are rich in minerals, which are but little worked. Chrome is found in Kutaia; silver and lead ore in the Cilician Taurus and in Sivas; manganese ore at Saloniki;.zinc at Karasu, on the Black Sea. Among other ores and minerals found in abundance are antimony, copper, borax, meerschaum, argentiferous pyrites, emery, asphalt, coal and lignite. The fisheries are important. The coast of the Mediterranean produces excellent sponges, the Red Sea mother-of-pearl and the Persian Gulf pearls. The fisheries of the Bosphorus alone represent a value of more than $1,250,000. The whole of the Turkish Empire is divided into thirty vilayets, or governments, and sub-divided into sanjaks or provinces, districts, sub-districts and communities. A Governor-General, who is held to represent the Sultan, is placed at the head of each vilayet, and the provinces, districts, etc., are under inferior authorities. All subjects may fill the highest offices in the State, no matter what their birth may be. Foreigners residing in Turkey are under the laws of their own country and are amenable for trial, in cases in which Turkish subjects are not concerned, to a tribunal presided over by their own consul. Foreigners who own real property are amenable to the Ottoman civil courts in questions relative to their landed property. Cases between foreign and Turkish subjects are tried in Turkish courts, a dragoman of the foreign consulate being present to see that the trial is carried on according to law. The carrying out of sentence, if it be against the foreigner, is done through his consulate. Cases between two foreign subjects of different nationalities is done through the courts of the defendant. Since the Summer of 1888 Turkey has been in direct railway communication with the rest of Europe, the main lines starting from Constantinople and Salonica. German railways are building from Konai to Mosul, Bagdad and Basrah. There are about 24,000 miles of telegraph in Turkey and about 750 telegraph offices. HALL Uruguay. Capital: Uruguay is the smallest of the independent States of South America, but is one of the most favored in climate, soil and geographical situation. The Atlantic Ocean bounds it on the southeast and south, the Rio de la Plata on the south and southwest, and the River Uruguay, separating it from the Argentine Republic, forms its western boundary. It has an area of 72,210 square miles, and the population in 1900 was estimated at 930,680. The Atlantic coast is low and sandy, and possesses very few bays or natural harbors. The country in the south and southeast is diversified and picturesque. The land in the southwest is of exceeding fertility. The territory is watered by sixteen rivers, the chief of which are the Rio de la Plata and the Uruguay, which partly bound the country, and the Rio Negro, which flows through its centre. The last named is the only important river in the interior which is practically navigable for any distance, it being accessible for ressels of light draught for about fifty-five miles. The largest lakes are the Castillo Granda, with an area of 162 square miles, and the Rocha, covering twenty-seven square miles. The first European to land on the shores of Uruguay was Don Diaz de Salis, a Spaniard, who made his first visit in 1508. On his second, in 1516, he was murdered by the natives. Two or three other attempts at exploration were made, but met with fierce and determined resistance from the savages, who resisted desperately every advance of the strangers. In 1522 Sebastian Cabot caused a fort to be constructed in the country east of the River Uruguay, which was held until 1580, when it was abandoned by its garrison. The Spanish conquerors renewed from time to time their efforts to gain a foothold in the rich regions east of the Uruguay, but the opposition of the natives was so fierce and so successful that little or no progress was made for a long time. It was not until 1624 that the first of the present centres of population was founded. This settlement was made about two leagues from the mouth of the Rio Negro, and was called Santo Domingo de Sariano. The country remained in the hands of Spain until 1810, when the people, encouraged by a successful resistance of attacks by the British in the preceding four or five years, repudiated the authority of the Spanish Viceroy, and chose a council to which they intrusted the conduct of public affairs, and this step was the beginning of the struggle which ended with the extinction of Spanish dominion in South America. A revolutionary party was formed under the lead of Jose C. Artigas, which finally succeeded in expelling the Spaniards from the country, and a confederation of the provinces of Uruguay was formed. Attacked by Portugal and Brazil, however, the political situation was for a number of years in an unsettled condition. A long period of intestine strife followed, and there was a continued succession of revolutions, dictatorships, assassinations and insurrections until 1876, since when the country has enjoyed comparative quiet. The Presidents of later years have exhibited wisdom in government under difficult circumstances and a patriotic ambition to advance their country's welfare rather than their personal interests, and as the nation emerges from the cloud, which a great financial storm had gathered over it, it can look to a future bright with prosperity, and find in its promise the courage that is equal to the demands of modern civilization, and the energy that shall not falter in the work of building up a great republic on the banks of the Uruguay. The form of government is republican, and the power of the nation is vested in three branches-the legislative, judicial and executive. The Cabinet is composed of Pedro Callardro. Minister of War and Marine; Ed. McEachan, Interior and Justice; Gregoio L. Rodriguez, Agriculture, Industry, Public Instruction and Public Travel; Diego Pons, Finance; Dr. German Roden, Foreign Affairs. The religion established by the Constitution is the Apostolic Roman Catbolic, but all other forms of worship are tolerated. The army of the Republic, on a peace footing, consists of 3,200 private soldiers, with 21 superior and 211 inferior officers, but the Government could probably put a force of 35,000 men in the field in case of emergency. The navy consists of three gunboats and five small steamers, manned by 227 seamen, under fifteen officers, the entire navy being commanded by eleven superior officers. Nature has been lavish of her favors to the Republic of Uruguay. On her fertile plains is the pasture for the vast herds which now constitute the chief national wealth; in her valleys and on her hills are mingled the vegetation of the tropics and the temperate zones, while in the mountains are great stores of mineral wealth. The total value of her flocks and herds is estimated at $73,038.000. The agricultural products are chiefly Wheat, wine, tobacco and olives. In the northern department several gold mines are worked, and deposits. of silver, copper, lead, magnesium and lignites coal are also found. The imports for 1901 were valued at $24,497,458, and the exports at $28,673,984. Primary education is obligatory. By the last figures obtainable, those of 1900, there were 543 public elementary schools, with 1,069 teachers, of whom 831 were female, and 49,733 pupils. There were 344 private schools, with 890 teachers, and 22,509 pupils. The cost of primary education defrayed by the State is about $677,000. In 1900 there was one school, public or private, for every 897 inhabitants, one teacher for every 411 inhabitants, and one pupil for every 11 inhabitants. A university and other establishments for secondary and higher education are established at Montevideo. In 1900 the university had 150 professors and 2,665 students. There is a school of arts, supported by the State, and a normal school for males and females. The military college had, in 1900, 40 students, with 8 professors. There are also many religious seminaries throughout the Republic, with a considerable number of students. The national library contains over 105,000 volumes and more than 17,500 maps and manuscripts. There is also a national museum at Montevideo, with more than 33,500 objects. Utah. Capital: SALT LAKE CITY. It The area of Utah was acquired by the U ited The question of the Mormons' rights to the Territory as their own, and to the moral status of their faith has given rise to countless controversies between State and Federal authorities, and is not yet settled. Utah has an area of 84,970 square miles, and in 1901 the estimated population was 283,000. It was admitted as a State January 4, 1896. Utah is primarily a mining and agricultural State, though manufacturing has now a large share in the wealth of that region. The smelting and refining of lead ore is the most important industry, the lead mined being about 13 per cent of the States. The manufacture of salt Great Salt Lake also ranks high in the product in 1900 being valued at ture and horticulture are flour and and vegetables, the manufacture of butter and cheese. It should be ores, the value of silver obtained The Legislature of 1901 passed Among them was an act to amend person or corporation should be for more than 15 per cent of the amendment prohibited any single bank for more than 15 per cent of bined. An act making compulsory cumstances, was passed and vetoed his veto. em It was made a misdemeanor for on public works to contract with or than eight hours a day, and it was person to coerce, intimidate lar house or trading at a particular of Statistics was created, whose systematize statistical details refacturing and other industries of report thereon. A State Board of was appointed, to consist of three an employe, another an employer employe nor employer. In case of directed to invite both sides to facts of the dispute in writing, together with an agreement to abide by Board was then directed to arbitrate the difficulty. Gov. Heber M. Wells. a total production of the United On March 14, 1901, Governor Heber M. Wells vetoed a bill passed by the Legislature regulating prosecutions for polygamy, and placing great obstructions in the way of such prosecutions. In his veto message the Governor said that if he were to approve the bill there would be at once a general demand upon Congress for a Constitutional amendment directed against certain conditions in Utah, and that this demand would most surely be complied with. Bills were passed prohibiting the employment of children under fourteen years of age, or of females at all ages, in the mines or smelters. Proprietors of stores, shops, hotels and restaurants were required to provide seats for their women employes, and to permit them to use these seats when not actively engaged in their duties. Blacklisting was prohibited and made a misdemeanor. At the Democratie State convention, held September 16, 1902, former Congressman William A. King was nominated for Congress and Richard W. Young, formerly of the American Supreme Court, at Manila, for 'the State Supreme Court. HALL |