INTERNATIONAL RACES.

Won

1869, August 27, Putney-Mortlake course, Thames River, Oxford (England), Harvard (America), fours. by Oxford, three lengths; time 22:20 4-5. 1876, August 29, Philadelphia Centennial Regatta, Yale and Columbia (America). First Trinity, Cambridge (English), Dublin (Ireland), fours; mile and a half straightaway. Dublin beaten in first heat; Yale and First Trinity in second heat; Columbia withdrew.

September 1, same course, International interuniversity race. Yale won in 9:10; Columbia second, 9:20. First Trinity did not finish, one of the crew fainting. 1878, July 4, Henley-on-Thames Royal Regatta, Columbia (America), Dublin (Ireland), fours, 15-16 miles. Beaten in first trial heat for the Steward's Cup.

July 4-5, same regatta. Columbia won Visitor's Cup in 8:42, beating University College, Oxford; Jesus College, Cambridge; Hertford College, Oxford. 1881, July 2, Henley-on-Thames, Hertford College, Oxford (England), fours, defeated Cornell (America) easily. 1895, July 9-10, Henley-on-Thames, Royal Regatta, Grand Challenge Cup, 1 5-16 miles, eights. First heat Cornell (America) rowed over alone, Leander (England) failing to start; second heat Trinity Hall, Cambridge University (England), defeated Cornell by seven lengths in 7:15. 1896, July 7, Henley-on-Thames, Royal Regatta, 15-16 miles, Grand Challenge Cup, eights. Leander Rowing Club (England) defeated Yale (America) in first of trial heats.

1897, July 16, Henley-on-Thames, Royal Regatta, 1 5-16 miles, "Diamond Sculls." Edward Hanlon Ten Eyck (America) defeated H. T. Blackstaffe (England) in final heat; time, 8:35.

1898, July 7. Henley-on-Thames, Royal Regatta, 15-16 miles, for "Diamond Sculls." Won by B. H. Howell (America), who defeated H. T. Blackstaffe (England) in 8:29, best time ever made on the course. 1901, July 3-4, Henley-on-Thames, Royal Regatta, 1 5-16 miles, Grand Challenge Cup, eights. University of Pennsylvania (America) defeated London Rowing Club (England) in 7:01 2-5; second heat, University of Pennsylvania defeated Thames Rowing Club in 7:22; third heat, Leander Rowing Club (England) defeated University of Pennsylvania in 7:04 4-5.

July 13, at Lake Killarney, Ireland, special match, 3 miles. University of Pennsylvania (America) defeated Dublin (Ireland) by thirty lengths in 16:19 4-5. 1902, July 7-10, Coronation Henley Regatta, "Diamond Sculls." Won by F. S. Kelley, Balliol College, Oxford (England) over R. B. Etherington-Smith, Leander Rowing Club (England); time 8:59. Grand Challenge Cup won by Third Trinity, Cambridge University (England) over Leander Rowing Club (England); time 7:17.

THE STORY OF PUGILISM.

BY ROBERT FITZSIMMONS.

In no form of athletic sports has such progress been made during the last fifty years as in boxing, prize fighting or pugilism-whichever one may please to call it.

In the old days there was the greatest possible distinction between pugilism and boxing, but in these later days pugilism of the old fashion has practically disappeared, having been, by improvement and modification, merged into the gentler and more skillful sport of competitive boxing.

When the London prize ring, with its variable rules and its invariable brutality, held sway, it was not necessarily the man most skilled as a boxer who won the bout, but far more often the fighter who was most skilled in wrestling and "roughing" tactics. Anything short of kicking or hitting below the belt was allowable under the London system. Spikes were worn in the soles of the fighting shoes, and one of the favorite tricks seems to have been to watch for a chance to stamp on an opponent's instep, in the hope of disabling him.

It was the brutality of these contests, as well as the disreputable way in which they were frequently conducted, that finally caused the suppression of prize fights in England, which was then the home of the sport. For a time after this suppression prize fights were managed secretly, but, little by little, pugilism and its followers fell into such general disrepute that it seemed likely that a really useful and scientific sport would become obsolete.

It was due to the untiring efforts of John G. Chambers that scientific and decent boxing secured new recognition and again became a subject of athletic interest. It was he who really founded the Amateur Athletic Club and framed the boxing rules which are now so generally known as those of the Marquis of

Queensberry. In those days-as perhaps in these also-before any new plan or sport could hope to be regarded with favor in England it must receive the sauction and patronage of a member of the aristocracy. The commoner might do the work, but the lord must approve of it and receive the credit. The Marquis of Queensberry had been a patron of several prize fighters and had always been one of the sure attendants at any sort of contest. Mr. Chambers went to the Marquis of Queensberry with his plans, his revised rules and his ambitions, and the nobleman graciously gave them his approbation.

Brietly stated, Mr. Chambers's plan was to create interest in glove fighting by securing amateur contests under reasonable rules, and by sharply defining the difference between professionals and amateurs to give these amateur contests a standing which the professional bouts lacked. To this end there was prepared the code of rules now usually known as the Queensberry rules, which were intended to regulate both amateur and professional glove contests.

As originally written this code of rules provided for a series of contests, open to gentlemen amateurs, for challenge cups. The contests were to be participated in by three classes of contestants-heavy, middle and light weights. Heavy weights were to be over 158 pounds: middle weights were not to exceed 158 pounds, while light weights were not to exceed 140 pounds. The rules provided for three judges and a twenty-four-foot ring. Each bout was to consist of three rounds, each of any duration up to five minutes, with one minute's rest between rounds. Jerseys were to be worn on the body. Any contestant not responding to the call of "time" lost the match.

It will be noticed that in this part of the code, as originally formulated, no mention whatever is made of the existence of a ten-second time limit. Indeed, the intention seems to have been to let the men go the full three rounds, allowing a man who had been knocked down any reasonable time to "come around" again.

The part of the Chambers-Queensberry code under which all important glove contests are now conducted is that portion of the code which originally provided for "Contests of Endurance." This paragraph in its entirety says.

CONTEST FOR ENDURANCE. -To be a fair stand-up boxing match in a twenty-four-foot ring, or as near that size as practicable; no wrestling or hugging allowed; the round to be of three min. utes' duration and one minute time; if either inat fall through weakness or otherwise he must get up unassisted; ten seconds to be allowed him to do so, the other maa meanwhile to retire to his corner, and when the fallen man is on his legs the round is to be resumed and continued until the three minutes have expired, and if one man fails to come to the scratch in the ten seconds allowed it shall be in the power of the referee to give his award in favor of the other man; a man banging on the ropes in a helpless state with his toes of the ground shall be considered down; no seconds or any other person to be allowed in the ring during the rounds; should the contest be stopped by any unavoidable interference, the referee to name time and place for finishing the contest as soon as possible, so that the match must be won or lost, unless the backers of both men agree to draw the stakes. The gloves to be fair-sized boxing gloves of the best quality, and new; should a glove burst or come off it must be replaced to the referee's satisfaction. A man on one knee is considered down, and if struck is entitled to the stakes. No shoes or boots with spriggs allowed. Several points of difference from the usual ring practice of to-day will be noticed upon an examination of these rules. It will be observed that it is only in the power of the referee" instead of his bounden duty to award the fight to the other man when one of the contestants fails to come to the scratch within ten seconds, and that when a man is knocked down his opponent is required to retire to his corner.

A good many contests of late years have been conducted under what has purported to be "straight Marquis of Queensberry rules," but it can be seen from the foregoing that considerable changes would have to be made in the present custom before this would be possible.

The year 1866, therefore, which saw the foundation of the Amateur Athletic Club by Chambers and the establishment of detnite rules for boxing, marks the time from which dates the revival of the interest in boxing. With the general introduction of boxing gloves into gymnasia came a better acquaintance with the niceties and possibilities of the sport, and from that time boxing took its place as one of the most valuable and developing of all athletic exercises. In the beginning there were a few sporadic outbreaks of bare-knuckle fights, but even the old-time professionals soon came to realize that the gloves had many advantages. In England, where "form" has always ranked as the most desirable thing in any sport, the old "straight-from-the-shoulder" style of hitting was then taught as the only right and proper way to box. Pupils were taught to stand in the gracefully conventional attitude that had been made sacred by the suc cessive champions of England. They were instructed that such-and-such a blow demanded such-and-such a guard; they must stand with their legs bent, their elbows close to the side and the fists up near their faces. Finally they must hold their heads up, look into their opponent's eyes and incline their bodies slightly backward.

In America, where tradition goes for nothing and practicability for everything, the boxers began to think for themselves. They rapidly discovered that a blow delivered with the full swing and twist of the body was twice as effective as the old-time straight punch. In other words, they realized that the gloves protected their hands, and that blows which in the bare-knuckle days would have broken the bones of the lists could now be delivered with perfect safety and great effect. This idea has been developed steadily. until to-day the "swing," or round-arm blow, is the one most usd by the fighter. Many of England's boxers still cling to the fashion which was effective when bare knuckles were used, and in consequence meet defeat at the hands of American fighters,

To sum up the developments it may be said that boxing to-day stands on a higher intellectual plane-it is more scientific-than it has ever been. Many times I have been asked how the boxer of to-day would compare with the old-timers, such as Tom Cribb and Jem Mace. In my opinion, the old bare-knuckle fighters would be almost helpless in the hands of first-rate professional boxers of to-day. The boxers of the present generation are quicker, more skillful, and are better ring generals than those of the past. To-day a boxer works out his ring problem with the skill of a chess player. He plans and works elaborately and laboriously for a particular opening and takes it like lightning. He has none of the heavy knotted muscles of the old prize fighters. He knows that big muscles and slowness are kin. Constant work with the punching bag gives him the long, smooth, supple muscles that stand for quickness in action. His body is a succession of very long curves; there are no knotted lumps of muscles on him. He practises blows that the bare-knuckle man never heard of-and would not have used anyway, for "round-arm" blows were accounted "very bad form"-blows that are described as "hooks," "swings" and "upper cuts." The boxers of to-day have a knowledge of anatomy sufficiently exact to enable them to direct their blows to the most vulnerable parts of the body, and they know, moreover, why a blow on a certain spot or the jaw reduces a man to unconsciousness, and why a jab on the solar-plexus renders him helpless. America has led the boxing world for a generation, because its men have thought for themselves and have paid more attention to the end to be obtained than to the "form" or gracefulness of attitude to be observed during its attainment.

PRINCIPAL FIGHTS OF 1902.

Abbreviations used in pugilistic tables-M., minutes; H., hour; S., seconds: W., won; W. F., won on foul; T. S., threw up sponge, and K., knockout.

METHOS SAYERS WAS BORN AT, PIMLICO, Near BRIGHTON SUSSEX.May. 1826 FIGHTING W1051 1011
RECEIVED THE CHAMPION'S BELT VALUE $100 JUNE 221857

Tom Hyer, American born, and a veritable giant, 6 feet 21⁄2 inches in height, was the first champion pugilist of this country. He fought twice to gain the title. His first battle was with George McCheester, also known as "Country McCloskey." The men fought at even weight-180 pounds-at Caldwell's Landing, N. Y., September 9, 1841. McCheester was unmercifully banged all over the ring for 101 rounds, lasting 2 hours and 55 minutes. McCheester's second then threw up the sponge and Hyer was declared winner.

His next and last battle was the one which won for him the championship. "Yankee" Sullivan was the opponent this time. The bout was terrific from start to finish. Sixteen rounds were fought and the result proved Hyer the best man. Sullivan was so terribly punished that he had to be taken to Mount Sinai Hospital in Baltimore. Hyer was next matched to fight Morrissey, but the latter forfeited $100. They again agreed to fight, but when the men met at the ringside Hyer saw that his gang was outnumbered and that his chances of winning were slim. He produced a revolver for himself and one for Morrissey and offered to fight it out with them, but the latter declined. Hyer then had to retire as no one dared to meet him.

"Yankee" Sullivan, whose right name was James Ambrose, then fought John Morrissey for the title of champion and a purse of $2,000. Reports state that Sullivan was proving that he was undoubtedly better qualified for the honors when a wrangle ensued and Morrissey won on a technicality.

John C. Heenan then came into prominence and was pitted against Morrissey. The bout lasted eleven rounds and the latter won. Morrissey then retired and Heenan challenged the world for the title. The "def" was accepted by Tom Sayers and a battle was duly fought, but it ended in a wrangle. Heenan then fought Tom King, who defeated him in twenty-five rounds. After this battle he retired from the ring.

Joe Coburn was then recognized as champion, after having defeated Mike McCoole. He retired and Bill Davis, of California, claimed the honor. James Dunn, a Brooklyn politician, disputed his claim, defeated him and retired. Davis again claimed the championship and this time Mike McCoole defeated him in thirtyfour rounds.

The next battle for the championship was between Tom Allen and Bill Davis. Allen won in forty-three rounds and then challenged McCoole, who accepted. Reports state that Allen was the better man, but was defrauded and McCoole declared winner on an alleged foul. Allen then fought Jem Mace for the honors and a purse of $5,000. Mace won in ten rounds-44 minutes. Mace then went to England, and on his return brought Joe Goss with him, whom he matched to fight Allen. Goss won in twenty-one rounds-53 minutesgaining the decision on a foul.

On May 30, 1880, the famous Joe Goss-Paddy Ryan battle was fought. It was in this bout that Ryan actually showed his ability as a pugilist. He received the decision after fighting 1 hour and 27 minutes. Two years later John L. Sullivan whipped Ryan in the memorable bout, which gained for him the championship. During June, 1887, Jake Kilrain claimed the heavyweight title because Sullivan had refused to fight him under the old London Prize Ring Rules. When Sullivan returned from England during the Fall of 1888 he challenged Kilrain to meet him and decide the question of supremacy. Articles were finally drawn up and a battle arranged, which Sullivan won in seventy-five rounds. All these early fights were heavyweight battles. The recent history of the championship is well known to the followers of pugilism in this country.

THE ENGLISH PRIZE RING.

May 16.
September 19.
January 12.
May 10.
September 7.
February 7.
July 8.
September 7.
March 17

1h, 27m. May 30.

The following tabulated list of English prize ring champions is, in itself, practically a history of pugilism from the day of its birth. Tom Figg, the man who introduced pugilists into England, was its first champion. He owned a theatre on what is known as the Oxford Road, where fist and glove encounters were patronized by royalty.

There is no authentic record to show that Figg fought more than one battle. This was with the "Venetlan Gondolier," and Figg won. After he died, in 1734, the interest in pugilism waned until George Taylor came forth and claimed the title, which he defended against Jack Slack and Prince Boswell, a gypsy.

August 5, 1758, he was defeated by Tom Faulkner. The men fought a desperate bout, which lasted one hour and fifty minutes. Jack Broughton also defeated Taylor and became champion. He held the title until 1750, when he met defeat from the hands of Jack Slack.

Slack held the title for four years before he was challenged. The man who defied him was one Pettit, a