3. What temperaments are most capable of friendship? 4. Which are the happiest united in marriage?

5. Which are absolutely incapable of agreement and coexistence?

6. What ought to be required of each temperament; and what should be the business and amusements of each? What friend, what foe, can most incite pleasure or passion in each? 7. Has any temperament bad qualities which are not counterbalanced by good!

8. How are the various traits of the same temperament diversified by rank, age, and sex?

SIGNS OF BODILY STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS.

We call that human body strong, which can easily alter other bodies, without being easily altered itself. The more immediately it can act, and the less immediately it can be acted upon, the greater is its strength; and the weaker, the less it can act, or withstand the action of others.

There is a tranquil strength, the essence of which is immobility; and there is an active strength, the essence of which is motion. The one has motion, the other stability, in an extraordinary degree. There is the strength of the rock, and the elasticity of the spring.

There is the Herculean strength of bones and sinews; thick, firm, compact, and immoveable as a pillar.

There are heroes less Herculean, less firm, sinewy, large; less set, less rocky, who yet, when roused, when opposed in their activity, will meet oppression with so much strength, wiH resist weight with such elastic force, as scarcely to be equalled by the most bony and muscular strength.

The elephant has native, bony strength. Irritated or not, he bears prodigious burdens, and crushes all on which he treads. An irritated wasp has strength of a totally different kind; but both have compactness for their foundation, and, especially, the firmness of construction.

All porosity destroys strength.

The strength, like the understanding, of a man, is discovered

by its being more or less compact. The elasticity of a body has signs so remarkable that they will not permit us to confound such body with one that is not elastic. How manifest are the varieties of strength, between the foot of an elephant and a stag; a wasp and a fly!

Tranquil, firm strength, is shown in the proportions of the form, which ought rather to be short than long.

In the thick neck, the broad shoulders, and the countenance; which, in a state of health, is rather bony than fleshy.

In the short, compact, and knotty forehead; and, especially, when the sinus frontales are visible, but not too far projecting; flat in the middle, or suddenly indented, but not in smooth cavities.

In horizontal eyebrows, situated near the eye.

Deep eyes, and steadfast look.

In the broad, firm nose, bony near the forehead; and, especially, in its straight, angular outlines.

In short, thick, curly hair of the head, and beard.

In short, broad teeth, standing close to each other. In compact lips, of which the under rather projects than retreats. In the strong, prominent, broad chin.

In the strong, projecting os occipitis.

In the bass voice; the firm step; and in sitting still.

Elastic strength, the living power of irritability, must be discovered in the moment of action; and the firm signs must afterwards be abstracted, when the excited power is once more at rest.—"This body, therefore, which at rest was capable of so little, acted and resisted so weakly, can, thus irritated, and with this degree of tension, become thus powerful."-On inquiry we shall find that this strength, awakened by irritation, generally resides in thin, tall, but not very tall, and bony, rather than muscular bodies: in bodies of dark, or pale complexions; of rapid motion, joined with a certain kind of stiffness; of hasty and firm walk; of fixed, penetrating look; and with open lips, but easily, and accurately, to be closed.

Signs of weakness are, disproportionate length of body;

much flesh, little bone; extension; a tottering frame; a loose skin; round, obtuse, and particularly hollow outlines of the forehead and nose; smallness of nose and chin; little nostrils; the retreating chin; long, cylindrical neck; the walk very hasty, or languid, without firmness of step; the timid aspect; closing eyelids; open mouth; long teeth; the jaw-bone long, but bent towards the ear; whiteness of complexion; teeth inclined to be yellow or green: fair, long, and tender hair; shrill voice.

MEDICINAL SEMEIOTICS; OR THE SIGNS OF HEALTH AND SICKNESS.

Nor I, but an experienced physician ought to write on the physiognomonical, and pathognomonical semeiotica of health and sickness, and describe the physiological character of the body, and its propensities to this or that disorder. I am beyond description ignorant with respect to the nature of disorders and their signs; still may I, in consequence of the fow observations I have made, declare, with some certainty, by repeatedly examining the firm parts and outlines of the bodies and countenances of the sick, that it is not difficult to predict what are the diseases to which the man in health is most liable. Of what infinite importance would such physiognomonical semeiotics, or prognostics of possible or probable disorders be, founded on the nature and form of the body! How essential were it, could the physician say to the healthy, “You naturally have, some time in your life, to expect this or that disorder. Take the necessary precautions against such or such a disease. The virus of the small-pox slumbers in your body, and may thus or thus be put in motion. Thus the hectic, thus the intermittent, and thus the putrid fever."—Oh how worthy, Zimmermann, would a treatise on physiognomonical Diætetice (or regimen) be of thee!

Whoever shall read this author's work, on "Experience," will see how characteristically he describes various diseases which originate in the passions. Some quotations from this work, which will justify my wish, and contain the most

valuable semeiotical remarks, cannot be unacceptable to the reader. The first is from Part I. chap. viii. page 401. f. "The observing mind examines the physiognomy of the sick, the signs of which extend over the whole body, but the progress and change of the disease is principally to be found in the countenance and its parts. Sometimes the patient carries the marks of his disease. In burning, bilious, and hectic fevers; in the chlorosis; the common and black jaundice; in worm cases.”—(I, who know so little of physic, have several times discovered the disease of the tape worm in the countenance.)" In the furor uterinus, the least observant can read the disease. The more the countenance is changed, in burning fevers, the greater is the danger. A man whose natural aspect is mild and calm, but who stares at me, with a florid complexion, and wildness in his eyes, prognosticates an approaching delirium. I have likewise seen a look indescribably wild, accompanied by paleness, when nature, in an inflammation of the lungs, was approaching a crisis, and the patient was become excessively cold and frantic. The countenance relaxed, the lips pale and hanging, in burning fevers, are bad symptoms, as they denote great debility; and, if the change and decay of the countenance be sudden, the danger is great. When the nose is pointed, the face of a lead colour, and the lips livid, inflammation has produced gangrene. There is, frequently, something dangerous to be observed in the countenance, which cannot be known from other symptoms, and which, yet, is very significant. Much is to be observed in the eyes. Boerhaave examined the eyes of the patient with a magnifying glass, that he might see if the blood entered the smaller vessels. Hippocrates held that the avoiding of light, involuntary tears, squinting, one eye less than the other, the white of the eye inflamed, the small veins inclined to be black, too much swelled, or too much sunken, were, each and all, bad symptoms (page 432). The motion of the patient, and his position in bed, ought, likewise, to be enumerated among the particular symptoms of disease. The hand carried to the forehead, waved, or groping in the air, scratching on the wall, and pulling up the bed clothes, are of this kind. The posi

tic in bed is a very simibrant sign of the internal situation of the patient, and therefore deserves every attention. The more unusual the position is in any inflammatory disease, the more certainly may we ecochade that the anguish is great, and, eccsequently, the danger. Hippocrates has described the position of the sick, in such cases, with accuracy that leaves Dothing to be desired-The best position in sickness is the usual position in beath.”

I shall add some other remarks from this physician and payskgmomis, whose abilities are superior to envy, ignorance, and quackery. Page 42) Swift was lean while he was the prey of ambition, chagrin, and il temper; but after the luss of his understanding he became fat.”—His description of envy and its efects on the body are incomparable. (Part II. chap. xi.) The Sects of envy are visible, even in children. They become thin, and easily fall into consumptions. Envy takes away the appetite and sleep, and causes feverish motion; it produces gloom, shortness of breath, impatience, restlessness, and a narrow chest. The good name of others, on which it seeks to avenge itself by slander, and feigned but not real contempt, hangs like the sword suspended by a hair, over the head of Envy, that continually wishes to torture others, and is itself continually on the rack.-The laughing simpleton becomes disturbed as soon as Envy, that worst of fiends, takes possession of him, and he perceives that he vainly labours to debase that merit which he cannot rival. His eyes roll, he knits his forehead, he becomes morose, peevish, and hangs his lips. There is, it is true, a kind of envy that arrives at old age. Envy in her dark cave, possessed by toothless furies, there hoards her poison, which, with infernal wickedness, she endeavours to eject, over each worthy person, and honourable act. She defends the cause of vice, endeavours to confound right and wrong. She vitally wounds the purest innocence.”

The writers most known, and oftenest quoted, by physicians, on semeiotics, are Aretæus, Lomnius, Emilius Campolongus, Wolf, Hoffman, Wedel, Schroeder, Vater.

I am also acquainted with two dissertations on the same subject, one by Samuel Quelmaltz, " De Prosoposcopiâ Me