The following is a summary of the foregoing tables: With both boys and girls sensitiveness to pain decreases as age increases, and the left temple is more sensitive than the right (Tables I and II).

Girls are more sensitive and have less strength at all ages than boys (Tables I and II).

In boys, sensitiveness to pain decreases in order of birth (Tables III-V); with girls the reverse seems to be true (Tables VI-VIII.)

Boys with light hair and eyes are less sensitive and less strong than boys with dark hair and eyes. Girls with light hair and eyes are less sensitive to pain than girls with dark hair and eyes; they are also less strong (Table IX).

Bright boys are more sensitive to pain than dull boys and are stronger (Table X); the same is true as to girls.

IV.-MEASUREMENTS OF SCHOOL CHILDREN OF EUROPE.

The purpose of this part, as of part III, is to give in brief the results of studies upon children in Europe. For more detailed information the reader should consult the original articles.

HUMAN GROWTH IN ENGLISH TOWNS.

According to John Yeats Peckham, of England, there were very few more persons in 1851, living in rural districts in the United Kingdom, than there were in 1801. There were on an average in 1851 in city districts 5.2 persons to an acre; in the rural districts, 5.3 acres to a person; in the one, 3,337 persons to the square mile; in the other, 120 only. As the inhabitants of cities become more and more numerous and influential, they must ultimately shape the future of any country. Peckham says that infancy and age, with all their ills, detract, economically speaking, from the effectiveness of life and add to its burdens. Thus, the population was more youthful than it should be by the natural standard. The inference is, therefore, that the youthful element may preponderate whether it be wisely progressive or rashly precipitate. Dr. Lankaster, when investigating in the South Kensington Museum, said that healthy men ought to weigh an additional 5 pounds for every inch in height beyond 61 inches, at which height they ought to weigh 120 pounds less one seventeenth of that gross weight for clothing.

According to Liharzik growth is regular, and all deviation tends to produce disease, as disease also produces deviation. A large head is frequently accompanied with a contracted chest; here mental action may be slow-probably from deficient supply of purified blood. Boys of small frames often have rather large heads and are deficient in repose of character. City-bred children are usually more vivacious, but have less power of endurance (Liharzik) than children reared in the country. EXAMINATION OF HEIGHTS, WEIGHTS, ETC., OF HUMAN BEINGS IN THE BRITISH EMPIRE.

In the report of the anthropometric committee of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1880, are given the results of observations in over 50,000 individuals. In Table 1 below is shown how growth degenerates as we go lower in the social scale; there is a difference of 5 inches in average statures between the best and worst nurtured classes in the community.

There is a constant but more or less uneven growth in height, weight, chest girth, and strength of arm, increasing annually up to 16 or 17, and then rapidly diminishing. Between 11 and 14 the rate of growth in height is almost uniform. At 15 it begins to advance more rapidly, at 16 still more, at 17 it falls off by more than one-half, and after this decreases rapidly. The same is true in regard to weight, except that the rate begins a year earlier.

The growth of chest girth is uniform up to 13, when it becomes double and then follows nearly the same course as that of height and weight, except that it continues higher at 17 and 18.

The growth of strength is not so regular. It doubles at 13, making no advance at 14, but making a great advance at 15, continning longer and diminishing more slowly than height and weight.

COLOR OF EYES AND HAIR.

Dr. Beddoe in a limited number of observations (1,027 in all) has found much difference between women of 18 to 23 and women over 25 years of age. In men the greatest change takes place from 20 to 23, while in women it is earlier. Green eyes do not occur with black hair, nor do so-called black eyes with the blackest hair, which often accompanies dark-gray eyes. Dark-blue eyes are rare with reddish hair, but often accompany dark or even black hair. A larger number of observations would probably enable young people to be distinguished from adults through the color of eyes and hair.

From this table (No. 1) of Charles Roberts will be seen the relative statures of boys of the age of 11 to 12 years under different social and physical conditions of life. The zigzag line running through the means shows the degradation of stature as the boys are further and further removed from the most favorable conditions of growth.

Dr. Robert Boyd, of England, from examinations of 2,086 persons in an infirmary and 528 insane, gives among other results the following:

The body and internal organs arrive at their full size between 20 and 30 years of age. In children especially the body is attenuated by disease. The average weight of males is greatest from 70 to 80 years, which may be explained from the fact that many die at earlier periods from consumption.

1 Manual of Anthropometry, London, 1878, page 32.

The mean weight of the male brain was at all periods above that of the female. Boyd thinks this is the probable cause of the large number of stillborn male infants as compared to females, 51 to 32. The highest average weight of brain in both sexes is from ages 14 to 20 years. The next highest was in the males from 30 to 40, and in the females from 20 to 30 years.

GROWTH OF BOYS IN BRESLAU.

Carstadt, of Breslau, gives the results of 4,274 measurements in the following table:

In the four years from 8 till 12 the growth is entirely regular, being for each year 4.8 centimeters. The greatest growth is from 14 to 15.

KOTELMANN'S INVESTIGATIONS IN HAMBURG.

In an investigation of the 515 students of the Johannaeam, in Hamburg, published in 1878, Kotelmann makes the following statements:

The students in the gymnasium exceed those in the lower schools in weight and height, more because of unfavorable social conditions of the pupils in these schools. The older the boys the more the muscles of the upper extremities grow as compared with those of the lower, which is explained by the fact that, as they are sitting more, the lower extremities are less active. Thus the muscles of the legs are less contractile as years increase, while the opposite is true with the muscles of the arms. With this is connected the further fact that the strength of the arms increases from year to year with the increase of their circumference, while the strength of the leg as compared with that of the arm is less as age increases.

The development of the superficial facia, which increases with weight of body in the older pupils, is not only greater than in the younger pupils, but increases greatly with the growth of the muscles in the older scholars.

The time of puberty is of the greatest importance for the whole development of the body, since not only the height and weight, but also the muscles and strength of the upper and lower extremities, the chest girth and lung capacity, all at this period increase the most. The only exception is the increase of fat, which is some what irregular at different ages.

The lung capacity increases with age faster than the length of body. Following is the table of Kotelmann:

Wintrich also confirms the conclusions from the above table.

But, on the other hand, the weight of body increases with age faster than the lung capacity, as shown in the table which follows:

Vierordt has arrived at similar results by combining the figures of Schnepf for lung capacity with those of Quetelet for weight of body.

CHILDREN OF FREIBERG IN SAXONY AND OF THE WHOLE KINGDOM OF SAXONY. Drs. Geissler and Uhlitzsch, by comparing their measurements of the school children in Freiberg with those of the Kingdom of Saxony, found that the children in Freiberg are smaller. They found also that in the common schools of Freiberg the children had a higher average height than children of the farmers in the surrounding towns. There were in all 21,173 children-10,343 boys and 10,830 girls-studied, from 6 to 144 years of age.

ED 98-71

MEASUREMENTS OF SCHOOL CHILDREN IN Gohlis-Leipzig, SAXONY.

Dr. Paul Hasse in 1889 measured 2,806 school children in Gohlis-Leipzig-1,386 boys and 1,420 girls. The average heights and weights at different ages were as follows:

The relation between height and weight should be noted. It is well known that they stand in a constant relation to each other. In comparing these with other measurements, the boys are not so large as those measured by Kotelmann in Hamburg or those measured by Bowditch in Boston. The girls are second only to the Boston girls. The children of Gohlis-Leipzig excel in weight and height those in central Russia measured by Erismann, those in Turin measured by Pagliani, those in Poland measured by Landsberger, in Breslau by Carstädt, and in Freiberg by Geissler and Uhlitzsch.

Comparing the poor with the well-to-do classes, the results show that for boys of the same age the height varies from 0.7 to 4 centimeters in favor of the well-to-do classes; for girls it varies from 1.7 to 4.1 centimeters in favor of the well-to-do. The children of the well-to-do classes excel also in weight for the same age; for boys the excess runs from 0.3 to 4.7 pounds; for girls from 1.6 to 4.6 pounds. In general the difference between the classes is not so great as in other places, as in Freiberg and Turin, except in Boston, where the difference between the classes is less marked.

Hasse also gives data concerning the weak or defective children, who generally can not attend school regularly. Such children are usually abnormally developed or have some chronic ailment. In the primary schools 9 per cent belonged to this class. A striking fact is this, that in many cases these children in certain years were over normal; that is, were taller and heavier than other children. This suggests that there is a certain normal relation between mental and physical development, the finding of which is one of the aims of anthropometry.

MEASUREMENTS OF CHILDREN IN LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND.

In November of each year Dr. Combe measured the children in Lausanne, arranged according to the month in which they were born, giving averages for the month as well as for the year. He found that boys up to 14 and girls up to 11 developed regularly, but from 11 to 14 the girls grew faster. The length of body showed great variations. From the single month's average Combe made the yearly average from 8 to 18. The height of boys corresponding to the years was 117.4, 122.2, 126.9, 131.3, 135.4, 139.8, 144.4, 149, 156, 162, 167; of girls, 116.3, 121.2, 126.1, 131, 136.4, 141.9, 147, 153, 157, 163.

The height of girls up to 11 years is continually less than that of boys; then suddenly it increases and exceeds the boys in the fourteenth year by 1-1.5 centimeters. Then the growth falls back, and that of the boys is greater and continues so.