Regular courses of concerts are given by the professors and pupils, to which the public is admitted by payment of a small fee. The faculty consists of a director and a staff of professors whose number is regulated by the number of pupils and the requirements of the classes. THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. This is an excellent institution, which is divided into four sections, viz: (1) Zoology, comparative anatomy, and embryology; (2) botany; (3) mineralogy, geology, and paleontology; (4) anthropology, ethnology, and archæology. It has a good library and two laboratories for experimental purposes and preparation of specimens. Students approved by the faculty are admitted to the laboratories, lectures, and collecting excursions. A review is published by the scientific staff of the museum with the title of "Archivos do Museo Nacional," which contains the results of their researches and experiments, and articles of great scientific value. THE NATIONAL LIBRARY. The National Library is an admirably arranged institution containing ar immense collection, which is divided into three sections: (1) Books and maps; (2) manuscripts; (3) prints and coins. It is open to the public from 10 a. m. until 9 p. m. on every day in the year except Sundays and national holidays and the periods between the 1st and 15th of January and the 15th and 31st of December. There is also in Rio de Janeiro a school for the education of the blind and another for deaf-mutes. The astronomical observatory of Rio publishes its annals in Portuguese and French, giving results of its observations. THE PEDAGOGIUM. The pedagogium is an institution which forms a central power for promoting public instruction. It was created primarily to carry out the reforms in education initiated by Benjamin Constant. It publishes a magazine entitled Revista. Pedagogica, and other works relating to educational matters. It holds evening sessions for disseminating information respecting agricultural science, pedagogy, natural history, and moral and civic education. It holds conventions of literary men and well-known professors and annual pedagogical expositions. It is located in the building of the Academia Braziliera du Letras, recently founded for the purpose of cultivating the national language and literature. ED 98-78 CHAPTER XXIII. DENTAL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES. EXHIBIT A.-Containing a statement of the views of professional authorities in the United States regarding the separation of the branch of dentistry from general medicine. It appears from the records that in the United States the branch of minor surgery known as dentistry received great attention quite as early as in Europe, if not earlier, and quickly became a specialty. Instruction in dentistry in Germany was given by the primitive process of apprenticeship, in a preceptor's office, and not until 1884–85 in a university, while in America as early as in 1840 a school of dentistry was established in the city of Baltimore under the name of the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery. In 1845 another school was founded in Cincinnati under the name of the Ohio College of Dental Surgery. In 1868 still another was established as a dental department of Harvard University, and in 1874 still another as the dental college of the University of Michigan. By October 20, 1884, when the study of dentistry was first introduced as a subordinate department of medicine of the University of Berlin, there were in the United States at least twelve reputable colleges of dentistry, having courses of two or three years, that of Berlin University having two years. It follows from the above statements that dentistry in the United States has been developed and specialized until colleges of dentistry occupy a position peculiarly their own. It should be noted that the degree in dental science is not a commission to prac tice medicine. The course of every dental college in good standing emphasizes anatomy, physiology, toxicology, and materia medica and therapeutics, but it is punishable by fine or imprisonment for a dentist as such to practice the profession of a physician. In the specialization of dentistry in the United States the practitioner is considered not as a physician or surgeon, but as a specialist in the preservation and restoration of teeth, in which he is much more than a physician, which he is by education only so far as to know the conditions where a physician should be consulted. It is to be added that the laws of the several States in many instances confine the dental operations of a physician and surgeon to pulling teeth. The legal direction and control given to this specialization in dentistry is brought out by the laws of New York and Pennsylvania which follow. In 1895 the legislature of the State of New York passed a law under which the board of dental examiners, in connection with the regents of the University of the State of New York, shall not examine any candidate in order to ascertain his fitness for a license to practice dentistry unless said candidate has graduated with a dental degree from a registered dental school, or who, if a graduate from a registered medical school with the degree of doctor of medicine, has pursued thereafter a course of special study in dentistry for at least one year in a registered dental school, or holds a diploma or license conferring full right to practice dentistry in some foreign country, which license has been granted by some registered authority. It may be added that in June, 1897, the regents of the University of the State of New York adopted the following regulations: No degree in dentistry shall be conferred in this State until the candidate has satisfactorily completed a course of not less than three years in an institution registered by the regents of the University as maintaining proper dental standards, nor before the candidate has filed with the institution conferring it the certificate of the regents that three years before the date of the degree he has either been graduated from a registered college or satisfactorily completed a full course in a registered academy or high school, or has a preliminary education considered and accepted by the regents as fully equivalent, or has passed regents' examinations representing, for degrees conferred in 1898, one year of academic work: for degrees conferred in 1899, two years of academic work, and for degrees conferred in 1900 a full high-school course.' In Pennsylvania the law of 1876 authorized physicians and surgeons to practice dentistry, but the law of 1893 requires every one who desires to be licensed to practice dentistry to be a graduate of a reputable institution having a threeyears' course and recognized by the board of dental examiners. Physicians and surgeons, however, may extract teeth without being liable under the law to fine or imprisonment. Two degrees are given-one, doctor of dental medicine, the other of dental surgery. In 1840 the first college of dentistry in existence adopted for its seal a circle bearing the inscription "Academia chirurgical dentium "and a motto "Artis scientia lumen" above a lamp supported on books. The college therefore had the name of the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, and its degree was and is now doctor of dental surgery. With two exceptions, according to the information now before this office, this degree is given by all the dental colleges of the United States, of which there are at least 46. The degree of doctor of dental medicine, which foreshadowed the demand that dentistry be regarded as a specialty of medicine under the name of oral medicine or surgery, was inaugurated by Harvard University when establishing the " Faculty of dental medicine" in 1867. The control of the curriculum of the several colleges of dentistry is more centralized than that of any other class of schools in the United States, taking the country as one whole. The bodies exercising this control are three: First, the National Association of Dental Examiners—that is, an association of the official boards in the several States who pass upon the qualifications of applicants for license to practice dentistry--for members of the dental fraternity will not submit to an examination by physicians who are not themselves trained specialists in dentistry; second, the National Association of Dental Faculties, and, third, the association of practitioners called the National Dental Association. If the Association of Dental Faculties have not recognized or will not recognize a college of dentistry, the Association of Dental Examiners will not give respect to its diploma. All these associations have the common object to perfect the science of dentistry, while in the case of the Association of Dental Faculties the object is specifically to protect the value of the dental diplomas of the several schools in the United States, and, in the case of the Association of Dental Examiners, to protect the public. The three associations are now acting in concert. They have caused schools of dentistry having a two-years' course to add one year more to that course, and the proposition has already been made that on and after the session of 1899-1900 the regular session of colleges belonging to the Association of Dental Faculties shall be extended to four years. Schools that do not comply with the rules formulated by these associations are declared to be "not in good standing." The National Association of Dental Examiners at its meeting July, 1897, passed the following resolutions: "Each dental college in order to be placed on the list of recognized colleges must have a teaching faculty composed of at least six indi 'Regents Bulletin, No. 38, June, 1897, p. 451. viduals, and said faculty must teach the following branches: Operative dentistry, dental pathology, dental prosthetics, and oral surgery. Also the six branches: Anatomy, physiology, general pathology (fundamentals), materia medica and therapeutics, and general surgery. Their students must also be taught the subjects of chemistry and bacteriology in laboratories adapted to the purpose and under suitable instructors. Each college must possess in addition suitable lecture rooms, a well-appointed dental infirmary, and a general prosthetic laboratory, and must also furnish in this way systematic instruction to its students. It is inadvisable for a member of an examining board to be connected with a dental college in any capacity whatever." The Association of Dental Faculties appointed (August, 1897) a committee to confer with a committee of the Association of Dental Examiners, so that a new code of rules might be prepared which would be advantageous to both associations and aid their mutual desire to advance the standard of dental colleges and dental practice. The list of colleges recognized by the Association of Dental Examiners is given on a succeeding page. EXHIBIT B.-Admission requirements of dental schools in the United States demanded by the National Association of Dental Faculties, 1899. To get a clear idea of the admission requirements of dental schools in the United States we should first consider the minimum standard established by the American schools practically as a whole, and secondly, we should take up the requirements of a few of the schools which have adopted the highest standards. Between these extremes lie the intermediate standards. All of the dental schools in the United States, except three or four, are members of the National Association of Dental Faculties. CODE OF RULES REGULATING THE ADMISSION OF STUDENTS. [In effect for session of 1899–1900.] 1. The following preliminary examination shall be required of students seeking admission to colleges of this association: (a) The minimum preliminary educational requirement of colleges of this association shall be a certificate of entrance into the second year of a high school or its equivalent. (b) Nothing in this rule shall be construed to interfere with colleges of this association that are able to maintain a higher standard of preliminary education. LIMITING THE TIME FOR THE RECEPTION OF STUDENTS. 2. No member of this association shall give credit for a full course to students admitted later than ten days after the opening day of the session, as published in the announcement. 3. In case one is prevented by sickness, properly certified to by a reputable practicing physician, from complying with the foregoing rule, the time of admission shall not be later than twenty days from the opening day. 4. In cases where a regularly matriculated student, on account of illness, financial conditions, or other sufficient cause, abandons his studies for a time, he may reenter his college at the same or a subsequent session, or where, under similar circumstances, he may desire to enter another college, then, with the consent of both deans, he may be transferred; but in neither case shall he receive credit for a full year unless he has attended not less than 75 per cent of a six-months' course of lectures. ADMISSION TO ADVANCED GRADES ON CERTIFICATES. 5. The colleges of this association may receive into the advanced grades of juniors and seniors only such students as hold certificates of having passed examinations in the studies of the freshman or junior grades, respectively. All students who |